Essay on The Devil in Massachusetts Book Review - 796 Words

The Salem witch craft trials are the most learned about and notable of Europes and North Americas witch hunts. Its notoriety and fame comes from the horrendous amount of people that were not only involved, but killed in the witch hunt and that it took place in the late 1700s being one of the last of all witch hunts. The witch craft crises blew out of control for several reasons. Firstly, Salem town was facing hard economic times along with disease and famine making it plausible that the only explanation of the towns despoilment was because of witches and the devil. As well, with the stimulation of the idea of witchs from specific constituents of the town and adolescent boredom the idea of causing entertainment among the town was an†¦show more content†¦When discussing the indictment of Bridget Bishop in Boyer and Nissenbaums documents it states separately the complaint, examination offense and testimonies of all the witnesss continuously from pages 36-52 . It follows a close chronological order of the proceedings from start to finish. However in Starkeys version the events surrounding Bishop are spread throughout the book. While the major focus of the indictment and trial was on pages 104-108 other information was placed in sporadically, like for example, her personal style ...she had a great store of laces. These she liked to vary, and sometimes brought pieces to Samuel Shattuck of Salem Town to have dyed. While that may be historically correct it is hardly relevant to the indictment or court proceedings and is also not even an attempt or a good one, to establish character persona. Starkeys version confuses and hinders the collection of information because of the drawn out and detailed description of each person, event and location. While it is clear with Starkeys depiction of the events that she is not going for an intellectual documentation of straight facts, however her vocabulary and the terms she uses for explanation is some what `challenging for those that this book is geared towards. Starkey uses confusing historical terms in a book that is clearly written in present day English. For example when explaining when an event takes place, ...were placed in a cart andShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials : Crisis1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials: Crisis in Salem Village Many people know of the Salem witch trials that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in the year 1692 spilling over into the year 1693. But for those who do not know, the Salem witch trials were a series of trials against men, women, and children accused of being a witch and or practicing witchcraft. In â€Å"The Devils Snare: The Salem Witch Trials of 1692† by Mary Beth Norton, the author recollects the stories of real life accounts of those accusers andRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Influence On American Literature And The Genre Of Romanticism Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest in what was considered the unknown such as witchcraft and science. According to the Norton Anthology Textbook Vol. B, Nathaniel Hawthorne was â€Å"born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804† (370). Hawthorne belonged â€Å"to a family whose ancestral roots were tied to Puritan history, with his family being among the first settlers of Massachusetts and having one of his relatives serve as a jud ge during the Salem witch trials† (370). Hawthorne, as a young boy, â€Å"had a particular interest in writings such as JohnRead MoreAllegory and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthat Hawthorne uses in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is the village in which the story takes place, Salem village in Massachusetts. The reason that the village is symbolic to the story is because of what occurred in Salem’s history. According to Susan Balee, a writer for The Hudson Review, â€Å"the witchcraft crisis overwhelmed Salem in 1692† (Balee 377). During this time it was thought that the devil lived in the forests of Salem. The Puritans were accusing each other of being a witch and it led to the deathsRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : A Series Of Events That Occurred3696 Words   |  15 PagesCitizens within Salem started to accuse the men and women who acted out as witches, increasing mistrust and hyster ia within Salem. The numerous allegations lead to hearings and prosecutions of the people who were accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts. The trials resulted in the executions of twenty people, most of which were women. Additionally, the accusations lead to community wide hysteria and blood thirst for the death of nearly all the accused witches. Therefore, the Salem Witch TrialsRead MoreMinutes of Glory1451 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance of his first major play, The Black Hermit, at the National Theatre in Kampala, Uganda, in 1962, as part of the celebration of Uganda’s Independence. â€Å"Ngugi Speaks for the Continent,† headlined The Makererian, the Student newspaper, in a review of the performance by Trevor Whittock, one of the professors. In a highly productive literary period, Ngugi wrote additionally eight short stories, two one act plays, two novels, and a regular column for the Sunday Nation under the title, As I SeeRead MoreThe Effects Of Hyster ia In The Crucible1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbe accounted for. Hysteria is a major leader in past and present day society when it comes to how people act and think in different situations. The Crucible provides great examples with how hysteria can affect a group of people. Back in Salem, Massachusetts 1692, hysterics swept the town, creating storms of emotion. Everyone is wondering, what to do? What to think? In The Crucible, Arthur Miller uses the effects of mass hysteria to reveal his purpose of using it in his writing, how society at thatRead MoreHysteria In The Crucible1474 Words   |  6 Pagesuncontrollable emotion among groups, is a major leader in past and present day society when it comes to how people act and think in different situations. The Crucible provides great examples with how hysteria can affect a group of people. Back in Salem, Massachusetts 1692, hysterics swept the town, creating a storm of emotions. Everyone wondering, what to do? What to think? In The Crucib le, Arthur Miller uses the effects of mass hysteria to reveal his purpose of using it in his writing, how society at thatRead More The Name Of War, Jill Lepore Essay859 Words   |  4 Pages Book Review The Name of War: King Philips War and the Origins of American Identity Our history books continue to present our countrys story in conventional patriotic terms. America being settled by courageous, white colonists who tamed a wilderness and the savages in it. With very few exceptions our society depicts these people who actually first discovered America and without whose help the colonists would not have survived, as immoral, despicable savages who needed to be removed by killingRead MoreThe And Folklore Of All Hallows1629 Words   |  7 Pagesfrightening faces on pumpkins to scare the spirits off as well.(As we do today but differs on how the person perspects this holiday). In conclusion we still carry on this tradition today, except those who find this a holiday a way of greeting the devils and his spirits. Miller Arthur Biography. www.biography.com/people/arthur-miller-9408335. Accessed August 11, 2016. Arthur Miller, born in Harlem, New York October 17, 1915, was a man who had changed many perspectives on the way peopleRead MoreReview of The Crucible Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesReview of The Crucible The Crucible was set in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692. The government was a theocracy, ruled by god through religious officials. Hard work and church consumed

Essay on Madness and Ambition in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

â€Å"Even the noblest men can be seduced by power; it has the power to kill, to distort, and to corrupt† Through this passage, Matthew Sims captures in essence how individuals often turn to betrayal and deception in order to gain their heart’s desires. This characteristic is not only present in life, but can also be seen in modern and classical literature, including the well known work of Julius Caesar. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, the lust for power transcends any one individual and ultimately leads to death and corruption of not only Caesar, but also of Brutus and Cassius. The play begins with Caesar parading through the streets of Rome as he triumphs in his victory over Pompey. However, Brutus, Cassius, and many others hatch a plot to†¦show more content†¦By ignoring the decrees of the Republic in an effort to become an autocrat, he undermined the Roman political system through murder, deceit, and lawlessness. However, moral integrity is not the only thing lost by Gaius Julius Caesar. As previously stated, a person’s greed often leads to their demise. This is most evident with Caesar himself. Caesar was willing to betray Pompey, his once friend and ally, in order to gain sole control over the Republic. In fact, Caesar’s drive to control the city began to evoke the jealousy and fears of many of the inhabitants, â€Å"You showd your teeth like apes, and fawnd like hounds, and bowd like bondmen, kissing Caesars feet. (Shakespeare Act V, Sc.I, lines 47-48). Ultimately this authority causes Brutus to come to the conclusion that Caesar’s tyranny must be prevented through his death (Sims). Caesar’s newfound power put Brutus, his former supporter, in a position where the only way to save the republic would be to depose of its current leader. Caesar’s demise was indirectly caused by his hunger for power, which caused Brutus to kill him in order to stop the would be dictator (Sims). The idea of d eposing Caesar spread like wildfire through the Senate and eventually escalated into murder. Clearly, it was Caesar’s desire to command those around him that in due course led to his death; however, he alone is not theShow MoreRelated A Comparison of the Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar and Hamlet in Hamlet2791 Words   |  12 PagesThe Characters of   Brutus and Hamlet in Hamlet and Julius Caesar  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Written one year apart from the other, one cannot fail to recognize the parallels between William Shakespeares tragedies Julius Caesar and Hamlet. To begin, they are both stories of assassinations gone horribly wrong. Although the details of the plays are different, the two assassins (Brutus and Hamlet) provide interesting comparison. Through these two killers, Shakespeare reveals the different levels of justice; one’sRead MoreCompare and Contrast Between Shakesperean Tragic Heroes1386 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare Tragic Heroes: Macbeth and Brutus Kyla Yu English 11 August 4th, 2008 William Shakespeare is a world renowned English poet and playwright famous for many tragic plays such as Macbeth and Julius Caesar. These two plays both contain tragic heroes with Marcus Brutus from Julius Caesar, and Macbeth from Macbeth. A tragic hero is defined as a protagonist of high standing with heroic or potential heroic abilities who must oppose some external or internal force. A tragic hero needs to haveRead MoreEssay about Politics and Love in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra2222 Words   |  9 PagesPolitics and Love in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Although the political struggles in Antony and Cleopatra are often treated as backdrops to the supposedly more engaging love affair between the two title characters, these struggles permeate the entire play, and give the love story its heightened sense of importance and tragedy. The relationship between Antony and Cleopatra would not have attained its renown and immortality had they not had been extremely powerful and public figures. TheRead MoreBetrayal and Loyalty in Shakespeares plays3231 Words   |  13 PagesAP English Literature Composition March 14, 2012 Betrayal and Loyalty in William Shakespeares Plays William Shakespeare is one of the most recognized playwrights in the history of man. People have analyzed every sentence of his works and have taken note of the various styles used in his writing. Ironically enough, little is known about Shakespeares personal life. It is assumed, however, that like other literary writers, Shakespeare relates occurrences in his life into his writing. The averageRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 PagesMacbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for power. The play is believed to have been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most commonly dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what was probably Shakespeare s play is April 1611, when  Simon Forman  recorded seeing such a play

Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort Free Essays

The proposal of water theme water with a five star resort built on Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey Location The water theme park will be located in Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey. Llanddwyn Island is a small tidal island off the west coast of Anglesey, North Wales. It provides excellent views of Snowdonia and the liyn Peninsula. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort or any similar topic only for you Order Now Access to this island will be by boat or drive through A55 to Anglesey. The Golden Bench Hotel This is going to be located around the coast next to the nice sandy white bench. It’s going to have 3000 rooms. It has a lot that people can do here and the staff are extremely friendly. Some activity we offer in the hotel: * tennis count, * spa * sonar * basketball count * bench party * clubs for the children , teenagers so the parents can relax on the bench * Fitness class * Massage * Gold course * Satellite TV * Beauty Salon * bar * coffee shop * broadband internet * shuttle bus The Speedo water theme park This is going to be the biggest water theme park in Europe. With an area of more than 2000 thousand square meters. The park is divided into 5 separate zones with a different theme which not just only the kids will enjoy it, the elders will as well as the adults. These include: Slide and splash, Aqua land, 7 seas, the big plunge and the Infant Island; this is where the kid’s zone is in the water park. It’s base on the theme of praties. This is where the shallow pool will be set and there is a family pool where the parents can spend some quality times with their children. Also there is a kid’s pool which is especially design for the safety of children under 11. It has many mini water rides that the children will enjoy while the parents can sit back and relax. The extreme part of the water park has to be the big plunge; this is where all the massive rides are located including the Tornado which there is only four in the world. This is the ride that has taken the world by storm and this will be Europe’s first tornado. Riders ride on specially designed four clover leaf tubes that can carry up to four riders. Riders take the plunge into a large fiberglass cone that gives them the experience of being sucked into a tornado. There are more water rides offer to children and parents in this part of the park. If that’s a bit overexciting, why not go to Aqua land zone. This part is more for people that want to relax and calm. Like the lazy river they have offer in this zone, this is the longest lazy river in the world. It’s a 1.1kilometer long continuous river in which water moves slowly and continuously. Guests can lie back and relax in the specially designed rubber ring as they float around the river. To add extra excitement to the lazy river, we have a special action river section, which produces one-meter waves. Also we have a huge swimming pool for the people that want to swim and relax. Next to the pool there is a cozy bar where people can have a drink and have convection with their friends. If that’s a bit boring for the teens, why not go to the slide and splash zones. This is where all the rides are situated which guests experience the master blaster. It is a fast moving roller coaster. It takes guests for an incredible ride in a double tubes racing up and down hills for more than 300 meters. Also guests can experience the wizard; this is a fast and furious ride which young people will enjoy. Eight riders will begin the race at the top of the 20 meters towers. After completing a full circle with high speed, all eight riders will then enter the straight section and race down to the bottom. If that doesn’t sound scary enough, why not try the inner tube rides. There are three open waterslides running for 100 meters. Guests start from the top of the fifteen meters hill and rapidly fall through twists and turns to the slash down pool below. They are ride in groups of two on the special designed double rubber ring. 7seas zone is where all the pool is placed; wave pool is one of them. This is going to be the world biggest wave pool which is a wave pool and can also be a pool for boogie boarding. There is ten minutes when the waves are on where guests may swim in the pool or use a tube to surf on the waves. Then there is a relaxation period for the next ten minutes when the waves are off, allowing for calm water swimming to swim. Also the rain fortress is situated in this part of the park. It has various water rides and water activity which it can give endless of fun for all ages. Tipping buckets, water cannons, slides and secret ladders are some of the special features of the Rain Fortress. The poop view shopping centre This is going to be build next to the hotel where the guests can just walk through the cover way to enter the shopping complex. There is going to be over 1000 shops in the shopping centre where all the brand names are placed like Chanel, LV, Guggi, Hugo Boss. Also there is a food count which various kinds of food are been sell. Activity We have a lot to offer to the guest in Kwans resort. Some activity that people may enjoy: * Special romantic dinner on the bench * Party every night on the bench for the teenagers * Activity groups where younger people can have opportunity to do water sport. Also they can have a chance of making new friends. * Also our hotel have Spa, massage and other activity that guest may enjoy * There are a casino for people that like to glebe * Shopping till you fall on the floor * We have a 15000 seated stadium for live entrainments live a concert or even a football or rugby match Open hours Water park- mon-sats 9am till 7pm -sun 11am till 7pm Shopping centre -mon- sun 10am-9pm Casino-open all times Prices Hotel- standard room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 Double room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½900 Luxury room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1500 Water park entrances child – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 Adult- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 Conclusion Over all I think this is a good project and it’s going to create new jobs for people. Not just creating work for people, this is going to raise the tourist attraction because all round Europe people will want to come and take a break after their effect that they put in their jobs. How to cite Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort, Papers

Probability and Statistics Engineers and Scientists

Question: Discuss about the Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. Answer: Introduction: The topic of the research proposal is increasing number of smokers in Australia. The proposal analyzes different issues related to increasing number of smokers in Australia with main concentration on its health and business impact. The research shows that approximately fifteen thousand Australians are killed each year due to smoking. The number of male smokers is larger than female smokers in Australia. The increase in number of smokers is not only harmful for the health but also for the economy as it hurts the business of the country. The proposal analyzes the actual cost of increase in number of smokers in Australia (Cho et al. 2016). Increase in number of smoking leads to more death in the country and increases the health hazards. It also has social costs on the society of Australia. The rise in the number of deaths leads to a loss of the revenue that they contribute towards the economy. The business impact of the increase in number of smokers in Australia is the lost in productiv e capacity due to increase in number of deaths due to smoking. Increase in number of smokers leads to increase in diseases that in turn increase the costs that the government has to bear to improve the health care facility. Hence, the proposal will address both the health and business impact of increase in number of smokers in Australia. Literature review Increase in number of smokers has impact on health conditions of people and hurts the economy of Australia as it decreases the revenue of the country and the government. Increase in number of smoking, increases the chance of cancer and risk of rise in number of deaths. Rise in number of deaths in turn leads to decrease in productive capacity and the revenue that they would have contributed to the nation (Dunlop et al. 2014). The expenditure of the government increases, as they have to invest in improving the health care facility in the country. The data from Australian Bureau of statistics suggests that the number of smokers in Australia is declining since 2009. The main reason for this decline is the increase in education and awareness of health hazards of smoking. People are becoming more health conscious due to which number of smokers in Australia is decreasing. Despite of this fact increase in smoking has health cost, economic cost as well as social cost. Smoking has both tangibl e and intangible costs (Lal et al. 2013). The tangible costs of smoking are costs that arise due to loss of productivity that occurs due to premature death and illness. Such costs are often termed as labor costs. Tangible costs consist of health care cost, damage costs that occurs due to fire and abusive consumption cost. Intangible costs are costs that arise due to premature death and loss of enjoyment (Getsios et al. 2013). Heath cost of smoking: increase in smoking leads to many health hazards and diseases that affects not only the smokers but the non-smokers as well. Smoking leads to severe diseases such as cancer that can often lead to death. The survey conducted in 2013 shows that the health cost of increase in smoking in Australia accounts to 31.5 billion dollars (Li et al. 2014). When a person is encountered with disease, he has to undergo treatment that puts costs on the family members of the smokers, as they have to spend huge amount of money on treatment of patients. The parameters of health cost are increase in medical cost, hospital cost, nursing home, pharmaceuticals and costs rising due to ambulances. Economic cost of smoking: economic cost of smoking is measured in terms of the lost productivity that occurs due to death of a person. The study shows that the smokers take more leaves in offices than the non-smokers. This is because the smokers are often sick and unable to work. This leads to reduction in productivity of the organization due to increase in absenteeism (Ekpu and Brown 2015). In 2004 to 2005, the productivity loss that occurred due to increase in absenteeism accounted for 779.6 million dollar in Australia. The study shows that economic costs due to increase in smoking is two million dollar in Australia in the year 2004-2005. Reduction in the size of workforce leads to loss in productivity and the revenue, which otherwise they could have contributed if they were it (Prina et al. 2014). Social cost smoking: smoking does not only affect the smokers but the entire society. Increase in smoking in Australia has led to an increase in air pollution that is harming the non-smokers as well. The survey showed that it is the children that have been affected the most due to increase in smoking. This is because the air that they breathe in harms the health that leads to occurrence of diseases. Smoking damages the assets of the economy that adds on to the cost for the society. Lighting of cigarette has high risk of fire that is regarded as the social cost to the nation. Social costs of smoking are often termed as external costs (Hitchman et al. 2014). There are two ways of measuring social cost. One is demographic approach and the second is human capital approach. Demographic approach is used to measure the cost of drugs in past and present years. Human capital approach is used to measure the impact of drugs abuse in present and future years (Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au. 2016). Hence, increase in number of smokers has three costs that nation has to bear. In 2013, the survey showed that Australia had to bear a total of $31.5 billion. The three costs of smoking has been presented by Collins and Lapsleys studies of social costs (Quit.org.au. 2016). Figure: tangible social costs of tobacco use in Australia in 2004-2005 (Source: Health.gov.au. 2016) Research questions and research hypothesis Various researches have been conducted to analyze the impact of increase in number of smokers in Australia. The research questions has been developed by using different research methodologies and techniques. The basic objective is to highlight the costs that Australia has to bear due to increase in number of smokers. The following research questions are outlined in a descriptive approach to conduct the survey: Has the number of proportion of smokers increased in Australia? What is the proportion of male and female smokers in Australia? Does the number of male and female smokers vary in Australia and if yes in what proportion? Does the number of smokers in different age group vary and if yes in what proportion? Does any relationship exist between the socio-economic status and smoking in Australia? Does Australian government have to bear any cost due to increase in number of smokers in Australia? What recommendations are taken to reduce the social costs of smoking by the Australian government and society? Is the economic cost of smoking greater or the health cost in Australia? Research hypothesis: The research hypothesis is defined by taking null and alternate hypothesis. Ho: There is a relationship between increase in number of smokers in Australia and the cost that Australia has to bear. H1: There is a positive relationship between increase in number of smokers and the cost that Australia has to bear. H2: There is a negative relationship between increase in number of smokers and the cost that Australia has to bear. Research methodology and technique Various methods and techniques have been used for the research study of the increasing number of smokers in the Australia. The first step of the research is collecting data on the number of smokers in Australia from an official government website or authorized government agency. The data collected will be based and differentiated according to age and gender of number of smokers is Australia. The sample size of the research will be large. ABS National Health Survey will be used for data collection for the year 2014-2015 and previous years. The research methodology was analyzed on certain dependent and independent variables. The impact of increase in smoking and the costs that Australia has to bear will also are analyzed through proper data collection method and technique (Saunders and Thornhill 2014). Various statistical tests of hypothesis are used for checking different hypothesis as mentioned above. The aim of the research is to get an unbiased result that is based on different statistical tests. One sample and two sample z test is used for analyzing the data and the hypothesis. The theory is interpreted on the basis of researchers interests and study in the topic. The research is based on the interpretive view and is descriptive in nature where all the questions will be answered with the explanation. . It is connected with the theoretical point of impracticality where many things and methods can be useful to the topic to replicate diverse consequences. The interpretive follows the understanding of weak notion; it establishes the relationship between time and context and outlines the problems and solutions to the study (Goldkuhl 2012). The main idea of the research proposal is to identify the questions and suggest a solution to the problems. The research is also conducted to check the reliability and validating of the findings in the real world. The research is based on certain principles based on which a conclusion is drawn. The researcher uses inductive approach to explain the experiments, questionnaires and surveys. A large sample size of 500 people is taken upon which the observation is based (Stanczyk et al. 2014). The decision is drawn based on the z test that is used to test the hypothesis. . In this approach, the relationships are made and then they are tested for the outlined purpose of understanding the certain additional meaning to the research. The quantitative approach is said to b more cost effective for the researcher than the qualitative approach. It is more easier to draw a conclusion based on quantitative approach than qualitative approach (Ross 2014). Gantt chart using the three milestones Literature Review is due on Week 6. Data Collection and Analysis Report are due on Week 10. Final Business Research (Capstone) Thesis is due on week 14. Figure 1: Gantt Chart using three milestones (Source: created by author) Research process The research is conducted in step by step process from the beginning to the end of investigation. The standard procedure of method is used to conduct the research study on increasing number of smokers in Australia and its impact on the economy of Australia. The research process can be explained by using five basic criteria's. The primary step in research process is to choose a research topic that is followed by a literature review to support the research topic. In this case a study was conducted regarding the increase in number of smokers in Australia and the costs involved due to increase in smoking. The second step is to decide the method that will be used to conduct the survey. In this research proposal, quantitative approach is used to draw the conclusion, as it is more cost effective than the qualitative approach. Quantitative method ensures that the actions is performed and completed before the process is preceded. A methodology and technique is prepared regarding the statistical tool that will be used to test the hypothesis. Different tests of hypothesis are used to draw the result of the research. The p-value test is used to take the decision whether to reject of accept the hypothesis. A two sample and a one-sample z test is used to test the hypothesis and make a decision. The sample size taken includes the population of Australia that includes people of different age and gender. The step by step procedure is followed according to the fundamental paradigm. The data is collected from the official government website of ABS national Health Survey and from the authorized government agency of Australia. Secondary data is used for the research. It is essential to use proper test for getting data and hypothesis that is reliable and valid in real world. Data collection and analysis methods The data is collected using the website of ABS national Health Survey for 2014-2015 and the previous years. The data is also collected from the authorized government agencies of Australia. The data is available on website that is free of cost. It is proportionately based on gender and age. The data is collected using the secondary sources of data. The data on the website is not just available for the current year but for previous years as well. It is divided into different categories based on different parameters such as socio economic status, age, sex, gender and occupation. It is essential for the researcher to check that the data available is reliable and valid. It is also essential to check that the data available is biased or not by checking from the different sources (Gray 2013). Proper techniques should be used while collecting and extracting the data is order to ensure that the data collected is biased in nature. Secondary data is the data that is already published in journal s ad website. Collecting secondary data is useful as it is less time consuming. The next step after collection of data is the analysis of data using various statistical tools regarding the increase in number of smokers in Australia. After forming the questions and hypothesis it is essential to test the hypothesis using different tools and methods. In this case, p-value test is used to make a decision whether to accept or reject the hypothesis and z test is used to test the hypothesis. The data collected is analyzed by deriving histograms and bar charts in an excel file. The statistical tests are also used to check whether the number of male and female smokers in Australia and the smokers of different age (Sarantakos 2012). The test is done to know the impact of the increase in smoking in Australia and the costs that the society has to bear. Analyzing data is essential to know the impact of increase in smoking on the Australian economy and its health, social and economic costs. Expected research outcomes The researcher always have some expectation before conducting the research. The researcher expects that the number of smokers has decreased in Australia. It is also expected that he number of male smokers is greater than number of female smokers. The third expectation is that the number of smokers is high in higher age group. It is assumed that the increase in number of smoking is always harmful to the society. The hypothesis is expected to show a positive relationship between the increase in number of smoking and its harmful impact on Australia. It is expected that there is significant relationship between socio economic status and number of smokers in Australia (Graham 2012). The increase in number of smokers has three costs involved that are economic cost, social cost and health cost. It is expected that the health cost of smoking is higher than the other costs and that social cost and economic cost is dependent on health cost of smoking in Australia. Recommendations The recommendations on result state that the study can be analyzed for a further study by differentiating all factors and an extensive study can be based on using the entire main and the silent elements individually. The study is limited to small observations. Hence, the study can be extended to a much larger sample to check the efficiency of the reliability and validity of the research on a large scale. References Cho, Y.J., Thrasher, J.F., Swayampakala, K., Yong, H.H., McKeever, R., Hammond, D., Anshari, D., Cummings, K.M. and Borland, R., 2016. Does Reactance against Cigarette Warning Labels Matter? Warning Label Responses and Downstream Smoking Cessation amongst Adult Smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States.PloS one,11(7), p.e0159245. Dunlop, S.M., Dobbins, T., Young, J.M., Perez, D. and Currow, D.C., 2014. Impact of Australia's introduction of tobacco plain packs on adult smokers pack-related perceptions and responses: results from a continuous tracking survey.BMJ open,4(12), p.e005836. Ekpu, V.U. and Brown, A.K., 2015. The economic Impact of smoking and of reducing smoking prevalence: Review of evidence.Tobacco use insights,8, p.1. Getsios, D., Marton, J.P., Revankar, N., Ward, A.J., Willke, R.J., Rublee, D., Ishak, K.J. and Xenakis, J.G., 2013. Smoking cessation treatment and outcomes patterns simulation: a new framework for evaluating the potential health and economic impact of smoking cessation interventions.Pharmacoeconomics,31(9), pp.767-780. Goldkuhl, G., 2012. Pragmatism vs interpretivism in qualitative information systems research.European Journal of Information Systems,21(2), pp.135-146. Graham, H., 2012. Smoking, stigma and social class.Journal of Social Policy,41(01), pp.83-99. Gray, D.E., 2013.Doing research in the real world. Sage. Health.gov.au. (2016). Department of Health | Tobacco control. [online] Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/tobacco [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Hitchman, S.C., Fong, G.T., Zanna, M.P., Thrasher, J.F. and Laux, F.L., 2014. The relation between number of smoking friends, and quit intentions, attempts, and success: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,28(4), p.1144. Lal, A., Mihalopoulos, C., Wallace, A. and Vos, T., 2013. The costeffectiveness of call-back counselling for smoking cessation.Tobacco control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2012. Li, L., Borland, R., Yong, H., Cummings, K.M., Thrasher, J.F., Hitchman, S.C., Fong, G.T., Hammond, D. and Bansal-Travers, M., 2014. Longer term impact of cigarette package warnings in Australia compared with the United Kingdom and Canada.Health education research, p.cyu074. Prina, A.M., Huisman, M., Yeap, B.B., Hankey, G.J., Flicker, L., Brayne, C. and Almeida, O.P., 2014. Hospital costs associated with depression in a cohort of older men living in Western Australia.General hospital psychiatry,36(1), pp.33-37. Quit.org.au. (2016). Cost of smoking - Quit Victoria. [online] Available at: https://www.quit.org.au/reasons-to-quit/cost-of-smoking [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Ross, S 2014, Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists,3rd edn, London, Academic Press,USA. Sarantakos, S., 2012.Social research. Palgrave Macmillan. Saunders, M.L. and Thornhill, P., 2014. A. 2009. Research methods for business students. Harlow. Stanczyk, N.E., Smit, E.S., Schulz, D.N., de Vries, H., Bolman, C., Muris, J.W. and Evers, S.M., 2014. An economic evaluation of a video-and text-based computer-tailored intervention for smoking cessation: a cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of a randomized controlled trial.PloS one,9(10), p.e110117. Thrasher, J.F., Osman, A., Moodie, C., Hammond, D., Bansal-Travers, M., Cummings, K.M., Borland, R., Yong, H.H. and Hardin, J., 2014. Promoting cessation resources through cigarette package warning labels: a longitudinal survey with adult smokers in Canada, Australia and Mexico.Tobacco control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2014. Thrasher, J.F., Swayampakala, K., Borland, R., Nagelhout, G., Yong, H.H., Hammond, D., Bansal-Travers, M., Thompson, M. and Hardin, J., 2016. Influences of Self-Efficacy, Response Efficacy, and Reactance on Responses to Cigarette Health Warnings: A Longitudinal Study of Adult Smokers in Australia and Canada.Health communication, pp.1-10. Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au. (2016). 17.2 The costs of smoking - Tobacco In Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-17-economics/17-2-the-costs-of-smoking [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016].

Save Paper free essay sample

paper is most important thing for read and write it will also for good or waste thing like we use it for study that is a good thing and use to eat some thing that is bad thing . Paper is too valuable to waste Around the world we use 1 million tonnes of paper every day. Too much of this paper usage is wasteful and unnecessary and puts huge pressures on the environment. Take action now for the environment save forests, save paper, save money Paper usage in many parts of the word is on the rise. Expanding production and pulp wood harvesting threatens some of the last remaining natural forests and the people and wildlife that depend on them. The world? s paper hunger also significantly contributes to climate change. Think before you print, duplex, reuse and recycle (download full tips 75KB) Easy actions can make a big difference for the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Save Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Use WWFs tips on paper efficiency to help save the earth, reduce your carbon footprint and save money at the same time. Follow the golden rule: think before you print Pushing the print button is too easy and wasteful. So the next time you are about to press that button, ask yourself the golden rule of saving paper: Do I really need to print this? Find out more Use both sides of the sheet of paper This is a real easy way of reducing your paper consumption by 50%. Set your printer or copier’s defaults to double sided. Select one-sided printing only when really needed. Find out more Avoid printing out single line e-mails or unnecessary copies of documents Again just follow the golden rule and ask yourself whether you really need to the print. Use technology Electronic mail, Internet, Intranets and document scanners can radically reduce paper use, while also saving you time and money. Find out more Recycle the paper you have and ask for recycled paper products Collect the paper you use and then reuse where possible (print again on the other side if you printed on one side only or use it for note paper). And when you do have to buy new paper make sure it is recycled. Save paper in your workplace Reductions of 20% or more are possible in most offices. So ask your office manager what they are doing to reduce paper. Remind them that saving paper isn’t just about protecting the environment; it can also save them a lot of money! WWF has a guide for how businesses can reduce their paper consumption to make it even easier.

Free Essays on Life Journey Of The Odyssey

Life Journey of The Odyssey The Odyssey is an epic story of one man’s journey as well as the trials and tribulations that he encounters while trying to make it back to his home. Along the way, this story not only follows the guidelines of many other hero stories, but also applies to our everyday struggles both internally and externally. It seems like everyone can look at a story from the odyssey and somehow relate it to a difficulty or a problem that they had to overcome to reach their goal of being happy. These heroic stories have been told throughout the years to help us learn lessons about ourselves and to learn how other people have been able to shine through the hard times to reach happiness. In the book Life Journey: Literature and the Search for Meaning in the Stages of Life by Milt Ford, the ways these books teach us these lessons are analyzed and explained using his theory. Mr. Ford explains that there are three experiences that make up a persons life, they are identity, relationships, and acc omplishments. He goes even further as to apply each one of these experiences into stages of our life such as, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adult. It in interesting to see how this theory not only applies to The Odyssey but to our lives as well. In The Odyssey there is a young man by the name of Telemachus who is the prince of Ithaca, and the son of the books hero, Odysseus. Though he does not get very old in the book, he does go through some very important times in his life journey, discovering for himself whom he is and what he is made of. In the early stages of the book we see the birth of Telemachus and then hear of things going on at his home. As in Ford’s theory we know that during the identity experience of Telemachus’ childhood, he is experiencing himself. He begins to find out who he is as a child and that is when he begins to develop all of the traits that are going to follow hi... Free Essays on Life Journey Of The Odyssey Free Essays on Life Journey Of The Odyssey Life Journey of The Odyssey The Odyssey is an epic story of one man’s journey as well as the trials and tribulations that he encounters while trying to make it back to his home. Along the way, this story not only follows the guidelines of many other hero stories, but also applies to our everyday struggles both internally and externally. It seems like everyone can look at a story from the odyssey and somehow relate it to a difficulty or a problem that they had to overcome to reach their goal of being happy. These heroic stories have been told throughout the years to help us learn lessons about ourselves and to learn how other people have been able to shine through the hard times to reach happiness. In the book Life Journey: Literature and the Search for Meaning in the Stages of Life by Milt Ford, the ways these books teach us these lessons are analyzed and explained using his theory. Mr. Ford explains that there are three experiences that make up a persons life, they are identity, relationships, and acc omplishments. He goes even further as to apply each one of these experiences into stages of our life such as, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adult. It in interesting to see how this theory not only applies to The Odyssey but to our lives as well. In The Odyssey there is a young man by the name of Telemachus who is the prince of Ithaca, and the son of the books hero, Odysseus. Though he does not get very old in the book, he does go through some very important times in his life journey, discovering for himself whom he is and what he is made of. In the early stages of the book we see the birth of Telemachus and then hear of things going on at his home. As in Ford’s theory we know that during the identity experience of Telemachus’ childhood, he is experiencing himself. He begins to find out who he is as a child and that is when he begins to develop all of the traits that are going to follow hi...

Migration. Multiculturalism. Mobilization Essay

Migration. Multiculturalism. Mobilization - Essay Example Voltaire (quoted above), the French Historian and Philosopher, spoke about the concept of religious diversity centuries ago and reflected a prosperous society as a result of this diversity. Many years, wars and generations later, the world has become a much smaller place especially with the rise of globalization and constant travel of people. The last century on-looked the surfacing of a cluster of social, intellectual and political movements led by diverse factions as the indigenous communities, national minorities, ethno-cultural populations, old and new immigrants, feminists, gay men and women. These inhabitants symbolized distinctive practices, customs, lifestyles, views and ways of life that are different from, often disapproved of, and in varying degrees discouraged and criticized by the prevailing culture of the wider society (Parekh 2000). Ethnic and cultural pluralism that are the foundations of multiculturalism in Western societies, have been a cause of debate and considera ble criticism amongst the politics and general public. This essay studies the role multiculturalism has in the socio-political and economical context. Defining Multiculturalism The conception of multiculturalism symbolizes a relatively new approach to elucidate the age-old process of civilizations and re-settlement. Migration and multiculturalism have become critical points in political agendas across the globe. However, before dwelling into the details of political and sociological complexities of multiculturalism, it is important to understand what the term means and review its available definitions. In his book, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Canadian philosopher and multiculturalism researcher Will Kymlicka has discussed upon the conundrum of defining multiculturalism (Kymlicka 1995). He debates that the term multicultural is either too vague, because it clusters multination and poly-ethnic, or is too broad as it can embrace non-ethnic social gro ups, like the disabled, gays and feminists, etc.   This argument over the coverage of the term stems from the scholarly disagreements over definitions of culture.  The following are a number of definitions for â€Å"multiculturalism† in peer-reviewed research: â€Å"Multiculturalism is a system of beliefs and behaviors that recognizes and respects the presence of all diverse groups in an organization or society, acknowledges and values their socio-cultural differences, and encourages and enables their continued contribution within an inclusive cultural context which empowers all within the organization or society.† (Rosado 1996) â€Å" Multiculturalism is the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviours, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.† (IFLA 2005) â€Å" Multiculturalism can be defined as the challenging, the dismantl ing, the remaking of public identities in order to achieve an equality of citizenship that is neither merely individualistic nor premised on assimilation." (Modood 2005) â€Å"Multiculturalism is concerned with the representation, not of difference as such, but of cultural identities.† (Henry Louis Gates 1993). It should be noted that despite the fact that the term â€Å"cultural identities† is used in defining multiculturalism, the author argues against the inclusion of gender and sexual identities in a culture specific context. Author Dan Rodriguez-Garcia, in his paper on assimilation and multiculturalism, has defined a multiculturalist or pluralist society as â€Å"

Trouble-shooting for social media Research Paper

Trouble-shooting for social media - Research Paper Example This will enable the Social media director to deliberate on object course of action in case something goes wrong. The hashtag was used for about two hours after when they realized that it was leading to negative publicity. Unfortunately, McDonalds Social media director, Rick Won pulled off the hashtag and admitted that it had failed in achieving the intended purpose. Instead of pulling down the tweets, they could have used them from a public relations point of view to turn the negative publicity into positive publicity. Policies should be put in place to deal with the negativity instead of pulling down the negative feedback. This can involve responding to individual customers who left negative feedback and engage them on the services and products offered by the business. At the end, many of such customers end up becoming loyal customers, pin down their initial negative feedback and instead post positive feedback. McDonald failed to track what their customers were posting on other social media sites. Even after the hashtag was removed, the public continued to outburst with a lot of unintended stories in Facebook and Instagram. Failure to monitor such action led to continued negative publicity despite pulling down the hashtag on twitter. McDonald should put in place a social mention tracking tool which monitor what customers are saying about their brand on other social sites. They will enable them respond to emergency situations before significant damage is

Greenlea Residential Care Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Greenlea Residential Care Home - Essay Example Mrs. Marchant is of the opinion that acquiring such reports is now becoming more and more bureaucratic. Her profits have been falling slightly during the last few years and this is becoming a cause of concern for her. Mrs. Merchant is now considering expanding the Care House by building an extension. This extension will enable her to house double the capacity. Of course, she feels , her staff will also have to be doubled to take care of the increased number of residents. She has acquired an estimate for the building and construction of this extension which amounts to 100,000 pounds. Since her debts are not very high she is seeking limited liability which will allow more financial protection. It will also ensure a greater range of tax concessions. However, she is facing one legal claim. An employee who fell down while assisting a resident and hurt her thumb is seeking compensation. But Mrs. Merchant is of the firm opinion that she will not pay compensation since there was a chair lift available and the employee had acted negligently resulting in a breach of regulations. Now she takes time off to prepare the necessary accounts to put her plan into action.

Study Of Ben Jonson The Alchemist English Literature Essay

Study Of Ben Jonson The Alchemist English Literature Essay The play starts in a mansion in London which is in absence of its master, Lovewit, who has departed to Kent to be safe from the Plague. The housekeeper, Jeremy, acting out as a captain Face, with the aid of two of his friends, Subtle, a charlatan, performing as an alchemist and Dol also in the role of a lady while in reality a prostitute; has turned the house into a domain of their conceit. The tripartite change their identities and play and act out roles in order to make benefit and earn money by deceiving some foolish clients who believe Subtle is a doctor in power of the art of alchemy and thus able to transmute metal into gold. As a result humorous and entertaining consequences start happening, while at the same time Jonson mocks many social classes of 17th century London such as the Puritans whose greed of money is even more excessive or nobilities like Kastril, and his widowed sister who came to the house in search of a husband and, on the other hand, Lovewit the master of the house who marries this woman because of her money. As soon as the play starts the audience understands the chaotic situation. The master of the house, the supposedly real practitioner of power, is absent, and like a typical Renaissance and Jacobean drama with the absence of power, chaos has turned up. The chaos is shown through the shifting and altering of identities mostly practiced by Face, Subtle, and Dol who are in pretention; the hierarchical boundaries are broken down and servants are in the place of masters, masters in the place of clients, and we have Dol Common for a great lady (IV.i.90) Therefore since identities are understood through appearance, realities are subverted and identities are performed and thus through performed identities deception, con, and fraud has turned up. But the reader may ask what the significance of performed identities is? In other words why individuals try to act out their subjectivity? According to Lacans theories people act out their identities and pretend to be the persons who the other characters desire them to be. That is to say in Lacans study of the subjection of the infant, in the mirror stage the child grasps herself in the mirror as an independent subject who is divided and separated from the Other whom up to now for her was her mother. She understands that she is separated from her mother and from the world so this separation hints her about her lacks. She realizes that in order to construct his subjectivity she is in need of the Other or the others to define her and as a result she feels the desire to define herself according to the Others desires. Thus, she would not be a complete subject, if she does not know anything about the desire of the Other. In The Alchemist, as Ann Barton discusses in her book Ben Jonson, Dramatist, people of all classes and temperaments make their way to Subtles consulting rooms because they think that somehow he can make their lives better, because they have become dissatisfied with what they are (Barton 138). Contrary to Shakespearean characters, Jonsons characters themselves yearn to be changed since they are not content with the paltry dimensions of their habitual lives and selves (ibid 138). To put in Lacanian terms they are totally lead by their own desires. It is their desire-which here is pictured by Jonson as ugly, material desire and greed for money and gold-that not only guides them towards Subtle but also creates Subtle. In fact as Lacan discusses about the role of desire in the realm of language and subjection [w]e are born into language-the language through which the desires of others are articulated and through which we are forced to articulate our own desire (Homer 44). According to Lac an we want to be objects of the Others desires and our identities are shaped by the Others desires just as the alchemists identity is created out of the other naÃÆ' ¯ve characters desires. As long as there are dupes like Dapper, Mammon, Drugger, Tribulation, and Ananias with their illusory hunger of turning metal into gold, inevitably individuals like Subtle are created as well. Not only the three cheaters are in lack of the fools to be identified, but also the fools are in need of the frauds: as was mentioned earlier they themselves are ready and eager to be deceived since they are against the rationalities of reality and are in search of the dreams of their unconsciousness and this desire is fulfilled only through false identities of a non-existent alchemist, a fake captain and a Queen of Faery. As a result since their aspirations are restricted by the very limitations of intellect and social position from which they want to escape. This is why they need Face and Subtle, masters of illusion who can liberate and objectify their inchoate feelings of restriction and discontent. (Barton 138). Their greed of gold can be labeled as their desire that revealed their lack and therefore their need towards Subtle and his colleagues in order to be defined as a winner of gambles (Dapper), as a savior (Mammon), and as devoted Puritans (Tribulation, and Ananias). In this chaotic world that is pictured in the house the people yearn for an ideal status brought by alchemy; in fact alchemy can be considered as the real desire, as the lack that individuals feel in order to identify themselves and as the Other whom individuals yearn to be. Alchemy is the art that brings order and unity and simultaneously the complete pleasures and contentment of what Lacan terms as the Real Stage in which persons were born into and in which they were united with the mother, and a perfect happy, unified world was experienced by the infant. But the point stressed by Lacan is that human beings can never return to this ideal stage so that it is an illusory condition for subjects and is created only by peoples desires and can only happen in peoples dreams. The desire for such a world is shown through idealistic ambitions of Epicure Mammon, who wants to change the world into a utopia by turning everything into gold. With the power of alchemy he wants to enrich his friends, free England from the plague, restore the aged to youth, and cure all diseases, comming of all causes (Barton 140). Besides, by turning any metal into pure gold he is set to remove any separation and differentiation among objects i.e. no lead and silver and all metals to be changed to the highest and noblest of metals. What he is yearning to accomplish is out of the capability of human being; an idealistic condition which Lacan calls the Real Stage, and which can never be achieved, just as the world Mammon describes is out of reach and just as turning metal into gold is. MAMMON. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He that has once the flower of the sun, The perfect ruby, which we call elixir, Not only can do that, but by its virtue Can confer honour, love, respect, long life, Give safety, valour: yea, and victory, To whom he will. In eight-and-twenty days, Ill make an old man, of fourscore, a child. (II.i.38) Apart from appearance, Subtle uses the Others language. It is not hard to find out that in this play changed identities are followed by changed language. Language is a device, an instrument that shapes identities. The person in power is Subtle, the alchemist, and it is his ability in words that equips him with power. He manages in what way to handle the situation and in what way to fool the clients according to their greedy ambitions. It is the power of his words that makes his clients to believe that he really is an alchemist. Although Face is the one who provides them the place to perform, when it comes to the domains of language he is not that much powerful as Subtle is. To give an example, in the first scene during their quarrel, Subtle burst out saying that it was he who taught Face the art of language: SUBTLE . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦have I taen thee out of dung, So poor, so wretched, when no living thing Would keep thee company, but a spider, or worse? Raised thee from brooms, and dust, and watring pots? Sublimed thee, and exalted thee, and fixed thee Ithe third region, called our state of grace? Wrought thee to spirit, to quintessence, with pains Would twice have won me the philosophers work? Put thee in words, and fashion? Made thee fit For more than ordinary fellowships? Given thee thy oaths, thy quarrelling dimensions? Thy rules, to cheat at horse-race, cockpit, cards, Dice, or whatever gallant tincture else? Made thee a second, in mine own great art? (I. i. 17) In fact it is in language that Subtle is created as a different subject, i.e. an alchemist. This reflects in one way or another Lacans theory that Language is not so much to be seen as our means of expression but as the medium through which and in which our very identity is structuredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Language creates us as it creates the world around us. This is not to suggest that things do not exist, but rather that it is only through language that materiality becomes meaningful (Halstead 197). To put it in other words, identities are created in language, and through language individuals are shaped just as Subtle, creates the identity of an alchemist by talking like an alchemist. On the other hand, Jeremy and Dol build up a Captain and a Lady through the shift of language. For instance a shift of language is vivid in Dols speech, the first extract is taken from Act I in which Dol is quarrelling with her two colleagues: DOL. And you, sir, with your menstrue, gather it up. Sdeath, you abominable pair of stinkards, Leave off your barking, and grow one again, Or, by the light that shines, Ill cut your throats. Ill not b e made a prey unto the marshal For neer a snarling dog-bolt oyou both. (I.i.19) And this quotation is uttered when she is playing her role as a lady in front of Mammon: DOL. Sir, although We may be said to want the gilt and trappings, The dress of honour; yet we strive to keep The seeds, and the materials. (IV.i.91) Another example that can be look at as the role of language in construction of identity is Surlys transformation into a Spaniard; first of all let us begin with the fact that he is the only character who does not believe in Subtles words and his promise of alchemy from the very beginning. He rudely questions and devalues the promises of the supposed alchemist Faith, I have a humour, I would not willingly be gulled. Your stone Cannot transmute me (II.i.39). Just as Barton says Surly is a man impatient with pretence, someone who declines to be taken in. A rationalist from the start, he believes neither in Mammons grandiose visions nor in the promises of Subtle. He identifies Dol Common quite accurately as a whore, at first sight, although Mammon tries to persuade him that he actually knows her ladyships noble brother, and has the whole, dignified family history lodged somewhere in the back of his mind. As Subtle and Mammon fill the air with brightly coloured alchemical terms, Surlys observations are caustic. He cannot resist trying to expose the charlatans for what they are (Barton 146). In scene three of Act IV, it is Surly who appears in a fake disguise, like a Spaniard, and this time Subtle and Face are totally deceived since Surlys language has completely changed to Spanish. Another language brings another identity; Subtle and Face do not doubt him and later when they understand that they have been fooled they get shocked. Surleys knowledge of the Spanish language enables him to discover about Subtle and Faces charlatanism. Taking him as a Spanish man, Subtle and Face speak in English in front of him revealing their true identity and their real intentions, while Surly is listening to them. They do not understand what Surly is saying in Spanish and their lack of understanding in this language disarms them and their power is taken away and so their plan is revealed. SURLY. Entiendo. SUBTLE. Do you intend it? So do we, dear Don. Have you brought pistolets? or portagues? My solemn Don? Dost thou feel any? FACE, {he feels his pockets) Full. SUBTLE. You shall be emptied, Don; pumped, and drawn Dry, as they say. FACE . Milked, in troth, sweet Don. SUBTLE. See all the monsters; the great lion of all, Don. SURLY. Con licencia, sepuede ver a esta senora? SUBTLE. What talks he now? F ACE . Othe senora. (IV.iii.101) The two rascals make fun of the Spanish man whom they regard is out of the realm of language and thus unable to recognize their words, which ironically is vice versa. To sum up, the notion of language is highlighted in this play in its comical way to show that language is not separated from peoples subjectivity and that as Lacan mentions individuals are constructed within language. So that language gives power and it is the power of language that helps Subtle and his colleagues to abuse other characters. Since the play is about the power of alchemy and turning base metal into gold, metaphorically we can assume that the real alchemy is that of the language that makes identities out of bodies, that the elixir of language can be more powerful than that of the Philosophers Stone.

Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with many short stories, Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† only has a few pages to develop his main character and create a scenario he or she must learn from or achieve something from or change because of. In such a short amount of space, word choice is integral in constructing a solid impression of the characters and their personalities in the reader’s mind. Carver’s simple use of language and sentence structure combined with his choice for point of view creates an intriguing tone and believable character interaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story, written as the thoughts of the narrator, is about an old blind friend of his wife’s coming to visit for the first time. The story focuses on the narrator’s cynicism toward the blind man and the way his wife seems to look up to him. Through out the visit there is halting interaction between the blind man and the narrator, however in the end the narrator experiences something he never could have imagined. Through the eyes of a blind man, he gains a better understanding of who he could be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most striking aspect of Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† is the fact that the story is written from the point of view of a man not initially involved in the set up of the story at all. The narrator relays to the reader stories he has learned from his wife about her past before relaying what is happening in the present. He tells her history as if he were speaking to himself in an interio...

Financial Contingency Planning: Sources of Funding Essay

California has the largest prison population in the United States and some countries around the world. For over 40 years, the incarceration levels have risen. The prison rates have risen 700 percent since 1970, today it is estimated that one in 100 adults are incarcerated. Who pays the bill for this large increase, tax payers have and will continue until the Department of Justice and government have a solid plan to reduce the overwhelming criminal justice deficient. The taxpayers are not only paying to house the prisoners but to feed them and all their medical needs. One plan that was pass by the Supreme Court was to reduce the prison population, they gave California two years to do this (Henrichson, 2012). Revenue is big for state prisons; most states rely on taxpayers to foot the bill. Around the mid 1980’s is when prisons were financed by the pay as you go method and bonds there were $9.6 billion in construction costs. In the late 1990’s the expenditures were up to $ 22 billion dollars, this was over half the debt it cost to finance prisons. The general obligation bond was another way to pay for prisons, but this was financed by tax revenues and back by government credit. Getting prisons built pressured the Governor at the time, Mario Cuomo, he tried to use the Urban Development Corporation (UDC), and this fund was for oversight for low-income housing. This was shot down at the state supreme court. The lease revenue bonds became a way to pay for prisons. An entity or agency was created to build the prisons, they this agency would lease it to the government. In turn the taxpayers would pay back the loan, it was done this way because it did not require the government to ask the voters (â€Å"Public Bonds†, 2004). The Department of Justice (DOJ), just like most organizations has a contingency plan. The Antideficiency Act regulates what can and will not be paid for if the contingency plan is put into action. There are certain programs that will  always keep going; they are Diversion Control, Health Care fraud and abuse control, debt collection, asset forfeiture fund, and federal prison industries. According to â€Å"United States Department Of Justice† (2013), â€Å"Also, the Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP) Buildings and Facilities and Commissary accounts have multi-year authority and have adequate carryover funding to meet expenses during a lapse in appropriations †. In the event, the California prison system would need to activate their contingency plan the Bureau of Prison Buildings and Facilities and the Prison Industries and Commissary funds would carry over to meet any expenses. The employees, including medical staff are except from any finical constraints. (U.S. Department of Justice Contingency Plan). Public prisons became a drain on the budget since the mid 1990’s, and only getting worse. With the cost of living going up so does the cost of medical and psychiatric car. Also, another big stressor is the overcrowding in public prisons, with more inmates there is a need for more officers on duty, this results in more overtimes and hiring more officers. A way to lessen this burden is privatized prisons. There are several investors in the public stock market. Privatized prisons have investors that fund them. Miller (2012), â€Å"Private prisons can be defined in one of the following manners: a transfer of public facilities to a private organization; a contract to design and operate new prisons; and a contract to provide other services to public prisons such as transportation, medical care, food, and maintenance â€Å"(The Drain of Public Prison Systems and the Role of Privatization: An Analysis of State Correctional Systems). Private prisons do not have ties to the government , they are funded privately, however, and they may enter into a contract with the government. These contracts could be to house inmates and the government helps regulate private prisons. The public prisons use the private prisons to house many of the overcrowded prisons and the government has the power to place limitations and regulations on the organizations. AB 109 is a bill passed by the U.S. Supreme Court that ordered California to fix the overcrowding. This required California to reduce the prison population to 137.5 percent capacity. When the U.S. Supreme Court ordered California in May to fix its overcrowded prison problem, citing constitutional protections against cruel and unusual punishment, the court  rejected California’s bid for more time and upheld a two-year deadline to drastically cut inmate population in its 33 prisons to 137.5% of capacity by May 2013. To get there, there are several major steps, including a reduction of 10,000 inmates by November 28 to reach 167% of capacity. One idea California has is to use more community base programs for those non-violent prisoners who are released early. Some of the programs include transitional housing, jobs, and medical and mental health services. A poll was taken to see how the community felt about the early release of non-violent, non-sex, and non-serious offenders back into the community, they were in favor of them being released and managed within the community (Krisberg, 2011). The new parolees are supervised by the Post-Release Community Supervision program, about 104,00 are already living within the community. These changes would slowly take place. There are currently 65,000 current prisoners that fall under the AB 109 bill. These number will change as new people go to prisons and others are patrolled. A concern of the counties is funding, with the influx of offenders they worry how the communities will afford the large amount of people (Krisberg, 2011). Prison bonds are a fixed income security called lease revenue bonds (LRBs). These bonds are used to finance prisons. There are different types of bonds, traditional revenue bonds and lease revenue bonds. Traditional revenue bonds help repay the debt, the down side to these bonds is prisons do not generate revenue. The state treasury had to figure out how to create them, their solution was to have a private agency build the prison and then leases it to the state. The state takes money from one entity to pay another, a lot of the time it is taken from the general fund. These bonds are also tax except. The downfall to these bonds is the state can raise taxes to repay these obligations (Anderson, 2014). California has the largest prison population in the United States. Some of the questions asked about reducing the population are will this alter rates of incarceration, probation, supervision, and community programs. The state was giving a grant totaling $650.000 dollars from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the James Irvine Foundation, and the Public Welfare Foundation; this grant funded the Stanford Criminal Justice Center (SCJC) to  conduct the research. The SCJC was asked to effectively help California undertake and assess the realignment. This research this grant will provide will not only help California, but other states to reduce their prison population as well (â€Å"Stanford University†, 2013). There is another program called Fund for Nonviolence. This program is having several grants under the justice with dignity program. The total grants for 2013 were $372,500 and had 13 different grants that were awarded. Most of them were directed toward inmates who re leased back into the community; these grants were to help them to start over (â€Å"Fund For Nonviolence†, n.d.). It is predicted that in the two years over 3,700 more beds will be added to prisons. The state of California faces being held in contempt if they fail to meet their deadline of overcrowding. This brings up more costs for the state to have to fight this matter in court. Three judges orders 34 prisons to be downsized. The state faces two class-action lawsuits because the overcrowding has led to deaths. A report released by the correction’s department shows there is a $500 million dollar expansion project that would allow for two more prisons to be built, that means more officers, more health care staff, and more beds, just to 26,000. California passed the three strikes law and there has been a 36% increase in admissions. The three strikes law increased the prison population by 34,000. This is a record high for California (â€Å"Governing The States And Localities†, 2014). One answer California has to help offset the budget constrains is legalizing marijuana. The idea would be to use the excise tax, which could yield $770-900 million per year and the sales tax, another $240-360 million a year to reduce the states swelling budget. If the state was to legalize marijuana this would save over $200 million prosecution, arrest, trial, and prison time (Gieringer, 2009). The state of California is faced with a big challenge, how to reduce prison size and keep the re-entry rate low. The three strikes law has not helped with lowering the numbers. The Supreme Court passed AB 109, which told California they had two years to lower the prison population. California is faced with two on ongoing law suits that claim wrongful death suits. The state government has gone over how to reduce the budget and be able to find revenue to make the deficit lower. One thought was to legalize marijuana; this would not only bring a large  revenue but also save on costs from arrest, court, and jail time. Another approach was to build two more prisons to increase the population by 34,000. Also, the state could use more private prisons, they are funded by private entities but are still backed by the state. The prediction is the prison population will steadily increase, there for the need for more beds and more staff is apparent. References Anderson, A. (2014). Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2008/10/22/prison-correctional-bonds-pf-ii-in_aa_1022fixedincome_inl.html Eaton, K. (2002-2011). BI. Retrieved from http://blog.bi.com/industry-news/ab-109-what-is-it-and-what-does-it-mean-to-california-counties Fund for Nonviolence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fundfornonviolence.org/index.html Gieringer, D. (2009). California NORML. Retrieved from http://www.canorml.org/background/ca_legalization2.html GOVERNING The States and Localities. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.governing.com/news/headlines/california-prison–overcrowding-its-going-to-get-worse.html Henrichson, C. (2012). VERA Institution of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/Price_of_Prisons_updated_version_072512.pdf Krisberg, B. (2011). Berkeley Law University of California. Retrieved from http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/REALIGNMENT_FINAL9.28.11.pdf Miller, D. (2012). Pro Quest A discovery guide. Retrieved from http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/prisons/review.pdf

Unrequited Love

Unrequited love is a love that is not openly reciprocated. The one who is adored may or may not be aware of his/her admirer’s romantic affections. They also may ignore their admirer out of lack of interest or the presence of another lover. â€Å"Let no one who loves be called altogether unhappy. Even love unreturned has its rainbow† (J. M. Barrine, The Little Minister). This certain type of love has been depicted as an unselfish and uncomplaining willingness to accept suffering and humility.Psychiatrist, Eric Berne, considered that ‘†the man who is loved by a woman is lucky indeed, but the one to be envied is he who loves, however little he gets in return†. Some may see this as a negative, and while it does have negative effects, it also shows such selflessness. A quality many people in our society now lack is compassion, love, and understanding. It is truly a quality that is envied by others. Some may think, â€Å"How is it possible to love someone w ho does not even know you exist? , well that just goes to show how much they invest in caring for other people no matter what benefits they will receive. However, there are also negative effects of an unrequited love. Research suggests that some negative emotions the rejector feel are emotions such as: anxiety, frustration, and guilt. Founding father of psychoanalysis, Freud, pointed out that â€Å"when a woman sues for love, to reject and refuse is a distressing part for a man to play†. He is basically stating that it causes the suitor, male or female, pain and agony to reject their admirer.Now in most cases the unrequited lover usually always retain some hope that he/she will change their mind one day, however, the rejector's outcomes or effects are predominantly all harmful to their well-being. While the beloved suffer from negative effects, so do the admirer’s, and they are much more harmful. If the unrequited lover has trouble expressing their emotional needs it m ay lead to feelings such as depression, low self-esteem, envy or jealousy towards the beloved, anxiety and rapid mood swings between depression and extreme happiness.We constantly see examples of unrequited love today in movies, books and songs. They all often portray the positive effects once the rejector comes to his or her senses and decides to be with the admirer. However, this is not always the case; In fact, most of the time the admirer never gets the satisfaction of having a relationship with their love. Although, with positive examples like this it makes it easy to understand why the admirer persists after facing rejection.It is all because of the hope they continue to have. In terms of the feelings of the hopeful one, they feel about the same amount of pain as does someone who is going through the breakup of a romantic relationship without ever having had the benefit of being in that relationship. While some may say the negative effects of an unrequited love outweigh the po sitive effects, the unrequited lover posses one of the most important characteristics, which is selflessness.

Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule

Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule By Maeve Maddox Writers have been raising laughs by ridiculing people and human behavior since at least the time of the Greek dramatists. Here are some terms to describe types of ridicule intended to make us laugh and, maybe, think. satire (n.) This broad term applies to literature that blends criticism, wit, and ironic humor with the aim of ridiculing or rebuking someone or something. The target of satire can be person or thing. Jonathan Swifts savage essay A Modest Proposal targets the Irish landowning system. In our own time the government and individual politicians are favorite targets of satire. The verb is satirize. parody (n.) A parody is the imitation of a created work. Originally the word referred to a written work, but now it can also apply to graphic art or music. A parody is not necessarily intended to ridicule, but it often does. Mel Brookss SpaceBalls is a parody of George Lucass StarWars. Stephen Colberts TV persona is a parody of an ultra-conservative talk show pundit like Bill OReilly. Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock is a parody of a Homeric epic. Artist Michael Ian Weinfeld has created a parody of the famous Obama Hope poster: the Pope poster. Pianist Victor Borge made audiences laugh with parodies of the classics. Similar to a parody is a travesty. I think of the difference in that the parody is intentionally silly while the travesty is unintentionally so. The Pyramus and Thisbe play in A Midsummer Nights Dream is intended by Peter Quince and the other workmen to be serious, but their lack of acting skill makes it funny. caricature We usually think of a caricature as a drawing, but the word can also refer to written descriptions that exaggerate the peculiarities of the person being ridiculed. Tina Feys impressions of Sarah Palin were caricatures. Cartoons of Walter Mathau exaggerate the size of his nose. Bobble-heads of celebrities are caricatures. lampoon A lampoon is a virulent attack on an individual. It can be written, or in the form of a drawing. In the early years of the United States, political lampoons were both common and vicious. Our own political cartoons can be seen as lampoons. The word is more frequently used as a verb nowadays, often preceded in its past participle form by the modifier unmercifully. burlesque The word burlesque has various meanings, one of which is a strip-tease show. In the context of satire, however, a burlesque is an outrageous imitation of something that is supposed to be taken seriously. Peter Schickeles P.D.Q. Bach inventions are examples of musical burlesque. spoof, take-off, send-up -all informal words for parody Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, WhetherPeace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindGrammatical Case in English

Compare two different case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare two different - Case Study Example The third aspect of similarity is that both rulings are appealed, the absence of personal jurisdiction is challenged and the rulings are reversed. The cases are different in that in Bombliss v. Cornelsen, Bombliss is the plaintiff and Cornelsen, the defendant. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, Internet Solutions Corp is the plaintiff and Tabitha Marshall, the defendant. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the final ruling is made in the Florida Supreme Court while Bombliss v. Cornelsen is settled in the Appellate Court of Illinois. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the contention is Fla. Stat. section 48.193(1) (b): whether or not the material posted online on a Florida resident must only have its access restricted to Florida. In the case, Bombliss v. Cornelsen the contention is whether or not the contacts between Cornelsen and Bombliss are adequate to establish personal jurisdiction, and thereby satisfying due process. in the event that Tabitha Marshall had committed the defamation, the court would establish whether the claim the plaintiff pressed for in the court are commensurate with the damages. The court would then make a ruling to the effect that Marshall pays for the damages that the plaintiff, Internet Solutions Corp incurred because of the information she had posted in the website. In the event that Marshall is unable to pay for the damages, Marshall would be subjected to a prison

Slaughterhouse-Five and Public Incitement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Slaughterhouse-Five and Public Incitement - Essay Example Indeed, the Article 25(3) (e) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court accommodates the incitement provision. Nevertheless, under the international law, public incitement can legally occur under the heading of self-defense. As such, civilians can engage in public incitement if they are in the line of defending themselves from attacks. However, soldiers in war can only engage in public incitement as the last option after exhausting all other avenues. Notably, though a group of people may conspire to engage in public incitement, only one person can lead in inciting the rest to participate in violence. It is common knowledge that most people fear incitement and more so participating in acts of violence. For example, in the book, â€Å"Slaughterhouse-Five,† we do not witness any characters in the story and even in the war zone because people are demotivated to being such characters. As such, it is usually, a hard task to incite people in committing violence. Most no table is the fact that in most cases violence leads to beatings, injuries, and deaths. Indeed, Billy’s abduction and mistreatment at the Slaughterhouse for five days proves this (Federhen 4-6). More than often, public incitement has been in application in many countries. For example, like the incitement to genocide in Rwanda, Israeli-Palestinian  war, and the World War II. ... Indeed, the qualities of Billy and those of Tralfamadorians the aliens who can see in the fourth dimension are exceptional in the context of the World War (Federhen 4-6). Additionally, a uniform is an acceptable sign of violence. A uniform brings forth an identity, which is very relevant in a public incitement that requires people to commit violence. Actually, as seen herein, the soldiers can take part in violence as a last resort castigated by public incitement. Indeed, the book tells us of soldiers at war in Vietnam and the issue of uniformity clearly manifests in this case. Moreover, the Tralfamadorians aliens equally had a sense of identity (Federhen 4-6). Additionally, the precise need for public incitement in the commitment of violence is the quest for uniformity so that everybody can focus on the violence. As such, when all the civilians unite in violence, the success of public incitement manifests. Furthermore, the public incitement plan sacrifices people. Actually, the book narrates how the Tralfamadorians aliens abducted a soldier, Billy Pilgrim during World War II and how the soldier survives a plane crash and the Dresden bombings all in the name of war fueled by public incitement (Federhen 4-6). Indeed, as earlier said, public incitement relates to leadership and somebody must take responsibility and be on the front line. However, in many cases the leaders in public incitement face many challenges that include lack of cooperation, possible arrests, and probable deaths. Nevertheless, without these front liners in public incitement, it is not possible to coerce people to violence. Moreover, the understanding that lock step mentality is part of war is very essential in inciting the public to committing violence. This aspect defines

Blog Post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog Post - Assignment Example Armando Aguilar, the head of the fraternal order of police in Miami, described graphically and in detail the incident. The suspect, according to him, growled when the police ordered him to stop attacking the other man. When the suspect tried to attack the police, he was shot four times before he finally went down. What is more shocking is that there were four similar cases beforehand, which all took place in Miami. The above case is, without a doubt, a perfect example of sensationalism in the media. Truth and objectivity, which are highly cherished values in journalism and mass media andcommunication, are absent in this case. Basically, the issue of truth and objectivity relates to the purpose and significance of the news. The news about a man eating the face of another man is of course significant. But what is the purpose of CNN for presenting this news in a graphical and outrageous manner? There is one obvious answer: to sensationalize and drew the attention of the public, or, worse, to sell. In sensationalized news, truth and objectivity are halfheartedly espoused. Of course, CNN is known for its reliable and credible news reporting, but the network apparently failed to disclose the truth about this so-called zombie attack in an objective manner. With all of the odd incidents happening all over the world, people start to speculate if something strange or unexplained was causing these events . Because of news like this, gossips start to surface about an imminent cannibalism outbreak. Apparently, there is no imminent cannibalism outbreak. And there are no inexplicable ‘something’ goading normal people to eat human flesh. The CNN report about one isolated incident in Miami is an example of how sensationalized news can incite panic; it also reveals the triviality of contemporary news media. The truth is there are a lot of mentally ill or deranged people all over the world. Cannibalism,

Changing the Way America Fuels its Cars Essay Example for Free

Changing the Way America Fuels its Cars Essay When President Bush declared that Americans were addicted to oil, he was right. Americans do not eat, travel or shop without oil. Robert Bryce admits this, but then asks, â€Å"So what? † Almost every other western nation is too, he declares. But Bryce takes the problem too lightly. (Bryce, 2008) There are four answers to Bryce’s question. First, America’s addiction to oil might be contributing to dangerous climate change. According to Romm (2008), it is speeding up global warming. Carbon Dioxide emissions, he says, cause rising temperatures, which may leave the world barren and desolate, wiping out species and drying up human water supplies. America’s oil addiction also threatens its national security. Indeed, according to Stein (2008), if America continues to purchase oil from unfriendly countries, it could fund the development of military technology, thus allowing its enemies to make and buy weapons and training that could later be used against Americans. According to Stein (2008), Relying heavily on foreign oil is also expensive for Americans, who are left paying whatever OPEC thinks they ought to. As gas prices go up, so do the prices of everything else in America – even food. Finally, America’s investment in foreign oil might be immoral, since, according to Romm (2008), most of that oil is purchased from undemocratic countries. These countries engage in many practices which the U. S. does not condone. While the problems caused by America’s oil addiction are clear, finding a solution is difficult. There are several potential substitutes for oil that can be produced domestically. For instance, America has its own oil. Recently, President Bush lifted a ban on off-shore drilling, in order to allow oil companies to obtain oil domestically (Upton, 2008). Another popular alternative is hybridization. Toyota, Honda, Ford, Mercury and Saturn are among the car companies that have already invested in such technology. Using a combination of electricity and gas, the cars produced by these companies can get over thirty miles per gallon. While some oil is still required to fuel these cars, using them reduces the amount of oil consumers will need to buy substantially. Meanwhile, some counties are moving toward fully electric cars, which would eliminate the need for foreign oil completely (Romm, 2008). Another alternative is bio-fuel. Ethanol – fuel made from corn, has been the most commonly used bio-fuel, and can be produced in the Midwest, rather than abroad. Other crops could also be used to produce oil. The Midwest is also a good place to harvest wind energy. Indeed, windmills and turbines can be placed throughout the United States, where they can be used to produce electricity. According to Stein (2008), Wind power has already been used successfully in Europe. It accounts, he says, for a fifth of Denmark’s energy. Meanwhile, many congressmen support the â€Å"coal to liquid† process, through which coal is turned into gasoline and diesel fuel (Roskam, 2008). Another alternative offered by some scholars and officials is increasing the use of nuclear power. While, according to Upton, France produces 80% of its electricity through nuclear power, and even has electricity to export – using American technology, Americans barely use nuclear power at all (Upton, 2008). Many have suggested that, in order for America to break its addiction to oil, the federal government must act, either by offering tax credits to consumers who invest in alternative fuel, or by penalizing gas companies and consumers by increasing gas taxes. Indeed, according to Stein (2008), taxing gas can reduce its popularity. Meanwhile, according to Tucker (2006), state governments have begun to step in themselves, seeing that the federal government is slow to act. These states, says Tucker, have begun to invest in solar, wind, landfill gas, and coal mine methane, biomass, along with hydro and geothermal energy. But which alternatives ought the government –or consumers, for that matter – invest in? Some alternatives are more risky than others, yet some of the alternatives with the greatest perceived risk are the most effective (Tucker, 2006). Representative Boehner recommends off-shore drilling. While he does not believe America has enough oil to fuel cars permanently, he does think such drilling will provide temporary relief to consumers at the gas pump (Boehner, 2008). But what can be done for the long-term? / Roskam advocates the use of coal. After all, he says, â€Å"America is the Saudi Arabia of Coal,† holding perhaps one fifth of the world’s coal supply (Roskam, 2008). According to Roskam, coal is cleaner than it used to be, and can be used to create gasoline and diesel fuel. Coal can also be used to produce electricity (Roskam, 2008). Indeed, Stein submits that the Co2 emissions from coal-powered electricity are much lower than those produced by traditional horsepower (Stein, 2008). According to Romm, creating Hybrid cars is costly, but, he says, if the government aids consumers with tax credits, such cars will become affordable. Furthermore, according to Romm, electric energy is the only alternative fuel source that costs less than gasoline. â€Å"It has a per-mile cost about one fifth that of gasoline, even when made from low-carbon sources,† he says (Romm, 2008, p. 14). He also points to the practicality of a move toward electric energy, stating that Israel and Denmark are already moving toward using fully electric vehicles. Although he does not expect America to jump to fully electric cars so quickly, he says that Americans will make the transition by investing in hybrid cars that can go up to forty miles on just electricity. Because, he says, most Americans only travel thirty miles per-day, the fuel savings would be substantial. â€Å"Cars could pay for themselves in fuel savings,† he says (Roskam, 2008, p. 14). He also nods to Toyota, GM and Volkswagen, who plan to release this sort of hybrid in the next two years. Meanwhile, Representative Upton argues for the use of nuclear power, saying, â€Å"â€Å"Nuclear power is the cleanest, most efficient, and most reliable source of electricity. † (Upton, 2008, p. 1) Not only that, says Upton, but nuclear energy can be recycled. Furthermore, unlike solar and wind power, nuclear energy can be used around-the-clock. France, Upton says, is remarkably energy independent, while Germany, which phased out nuclear power, is completely energy dependent. While the United States is currently independent as far as electricity is concerned, says Upton, we may not be, down the road, if we continue to avoid using nuclear energy. Stein supports Upton’s remarks, saying that NASA scientist Steve Lovelock believes that the only way to escape harmful global warming is to begin using nuclear energy (Stein, 2008). Yet, each alternative has a negative aspect to it as well. According to Romm, America should not engage in off-shore drilling, because it will not meet the needs of the American consumer, nor will it truly reduce energy dependence, because it will leave Americans addicted to oil, which they will obtain from foreign sources, once domestic sources dry up. Drilling in Alaska, says Romm, â€Å"would cut gas prices only 2 cents by 2025. † (Romm, 2008, p. 14) Romm also sees harm in the use of bio-fuels. â€Å"Using crops to make energy is unwise,† (Roskam, 2008, p. 1) he says. It will not, according to Romm, reduce greenhouse gasses substantially Meanwhile, as energy prices go up and the world’s population increases, while at the same time, climate change makes less land usable, people will need to use the land they have for crops and they will need to use the crops they have for food, or they will starve (Roskam, 2008) Stein (2008) also agrees that using food for energy is not a good idea. Furthermore, according to Asrar, Ethanol has a very high production cost (Asrar, 2007). Romm doesn’t think America’s current hybrid efforts go far enough either. Current laws, he says, require only that cars get 35 miles per gallon by 2020. This is less, he points out, than what cars get in either Europe or China. â€Å"We should aim,† he says, â€Å"for all new cars to get more than 100 miles per gallon by 2040. † (Romm, 2008, p. 14) Meanwhile, Upton admits that the current system for disposing of nuclear waste is not adequate. But he says, if the government invests in it, that waste can decrease, from the size of a soda can, per individual, to the size of a half-dollar (Upton, 2008). According to Stein, Greenpeace and the Sierra Club also sees harm in using nuclear energy. They will not even consider using the fuel, because they are afraid that an accident could have catastrophic effects, like those brought about by the accident at Chernobyl (Stein, 2008). Environmentalists also worry about wind power. They are afraid that windmills might cause harm to migratory birds. Although, Stein says, harm to such birds could be avoided by making windmills higher, environmentalists also worry that this makes them an obstruction and that placing such technology around America will disturb animal habitats. They also argue that the amount of land needed to create wind farms will lead to the loss of farmland and recreational space (Stein, 2008). If farmland is lost, Americans could face the same problems they would face if they used bio-fuel. Yet, if land becomes unusable due to global warming, Americans would have plenty of recreational space. According to Roskam (Roskam, 2008), Nancy Pelosi stands in the way of any Coal-to-Liquid programs – not even letting bills providing for investment in such technology come to a vote in the senate. Yet, according to Stein, coal-to-liquid is not an effective alternative, anyway, as it is still polluting and because synthetic fuel cannot compete with the real deal. Yet, using coal to produce electricity is, he says, a good idea (Roskam, 2008)X. While the experts agree that relying on bio-fuel is more harmful than it is helpful and that drilling will not meet the needs of Americans, most of the other options have some merit. Of all the alternatives, nuclear energy is the cleanest. Modern technology has made the use of it very safe. France’s successful use of nuclear energy shows that it can be harnessed and effectively used. Therefore, the government ought to invest more heavily in nuclear power. Meanwhile, because America is so coal-rich, the government ought to invest in finding ways to produce electricity through coal more cleanly. Government incentives for hybrid and electric cars ought to be increased, and the government’s requirements for automakers ought to be made more stringent. Works Cited Asrar, G. R. (2007). Americas Farms: Growing Food, Fiber, Fuel And More. Agricultural Research , 55 (4), 2. Boehner, J. A. (2008, July 15). We Need an `All of the Above Energy Strategy. US Fed News Service, including U. S. State News . Bryce, R. (2008). Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of Energy Independence. New York: Perseus Publishing. Romm, J. (2008). End This Addiction Immediately: Record gasoline prices are affecting every aspect of the U. S. Economy, and the nations burgeoning energy problems have become a frontline issue in the presidential election. U. S. News and World Report , 145 (2), 14. Roskam, P. (2008, July 14). Energy Independence A Question of Will. US Fed News Service, Including U. S. State NEws . Stein, S. (2008). Energy Independence is Not Green. Policy Review (148), 3-18. Tucker, P. (2006). Thinking Globally, Acting Locally on Energy Use. The Futurist , 40 (4), 8-9. Upton, F. (2008). Recycling of Spent Nuclear Fuel Offers Great Promise. US Fed News Service, Including US State News .