Essay on The Devil in Massachusetts Book Review - 796 Words

The Salem witch craft trials are the most learned about and notable of Europes and North Americas witch hunts. Its notoriety and fame comes from the horrendous amount of people that were not only involved, but killed in the witch hunt and that it took place in the late 1700s being one of the last of all witch hunts. The witch craft crises blew out of control for several reasons. Firstly, Salem town was facing hard economic times along with disease and famine making it plausible that the only explanation of the towns despoilment was because of witches and the devil. As well, with the stimulation of the idea of witchs from specific constituents of the town and adolescent boredom the idea of causing entertainment among the town was an†¦show more content†¦When discussing the indictment of Bridget Bishop in Boyer and Nissenbaums documents it states separately the complaint, examination offense and testimonies of all the witnesss continuously from pages 36-52 . It follows a close chronological order of the proceedings from start to finish. However in Starkeys version the events surrounding Bishop are spread throughout the book. While the major focus of the indictment and trial was on pages 104-108 other information was placed in sporadically, like for example, her personal style ...she had a great store of laces. These she liked to vary, and sometimes brought pieces to Samuel Shattuck of Salem Town to have dyed. While that may be historically correct it is hardly relevant to the indictment or court proceedings and is also not even an attempt or a good one, to establish character persona. Starkeys version confuses and hinders the collection of information because of the drawn out and detailed description of each person, event and location. While it is clear with Starkeys depiction of the events that she is not going for an intellectual documentation of straight facts, however her vocabulary and the terms she uses for explanation is some what `challenging for those that this book is geared towards. Starkey uses confusing historical terms in a book that is clearly written in present day English. For example when explaining when an event takes place, ...were placed in a cart andShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials : Crisis1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials: Crisis in Salem Village Many people know of the Salem witch trials that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in the year 1692 spilling over into the year 1693. But for those who do not know, the Salem witch trials were a series of trials against men, women, and children accused of being a witch and or practicing witchcraft. In â€Å"The Devils Snare: The Salem Witch Trials of 1692† by Mary Beth Norton, the author recollects the stories of real life accounts of those accusers andRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Influence On American Literature And The Genre Of Romanticism Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest in what was considered the unknown such as witchcraft and science. According to the Norton Anthology Textbook Vol. B, Nathaniel Hawthorne was â€Å"born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804† (370). Hawthorne belonged â€Å"to a family whose ancestral roots were tied to Puritan history, with his family being among the first settlers of Massachusetts and having one of his relatives serve as a jud ge during the Salem witch trials† (370). Hawthorne, as a young boy, â€Å"had a particular interest in writings such as JohnRead MoreAllegory and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthat Hawthorne uses in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is the village in which the story takes place, Salem village in Massachusetts. The reason that the village is symbolic to the story is because of what occurred in Salem’s history. According to Susan Balee, a writer for The Hudson Review, â€Å"the witchcraft crisis overwhelmed Salem in 1692† (Balee 377). During this time it was thought that the devil lived in the forests of Salem. The Puritans were accusing each other of being a witch and it led to the deathsRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : A Series Of Events That Occurred3696 Words   |  15 PagesCitizens within Salem started to accuse the men and women who acted out as witches, increasing mistrust and hyster ia within Salem. The numerous allegations lead to hearings and prosecutions of the people who were accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts. The trials resulted in the executions of twenty people, most of which were women. Additionally, the accusations lead to community wide hysteria and blood thirst for the death of nearly all the accused witches. Therefore, the Salem Witch TrialsRead MoreMinutes of Glory1451 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance of his first major play, The Black Hermit, at the National Theatre in Kampala, Uganda, in 1962, as part of the celebration of Uganda’s Independence. â€Å"Ngugi Speaks for the Continent,† headlined The Makererian, the Student newspaper, in a review of the performance by Trevor Whittock, one of the professors. In a highly productive literary period, Ngugi wrote additionally eight short stories, two one act plays, two novels, and a regular column for the Sunday Nation under the title, As I SeeRead MoreThe Effects Of Hyster ia In The Crucible1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbe accounted for. Hysteria is a major leader in past and present day society when it comes to how people act and think in different situations. The Crucible provides great examples with how hysteria can affect a group of people. Back in Salem, Massachusetts 1692, hysterics swept the town, creating storms of emotion. Everyone is wondering, what to do? What to think? In The Crucible, Arthur Miller uses the effects of mass hysteria to reveal his purpose of using it in his writing, how society at thatRead MoreHysteria In The Crucible1474 Words   |  6 Pagesuncontrollable emotion among groups, is a major leader in past and present day society when it comes to how people act and think in different situations. The Crucible provides great examples with how hysteria can affect a group of people. Back in Salem, Massachusetts 1692, hysterics swept the town, creating a storm of emotions. Everyone wondering, what to do? What to think? In The Crucib le, Arthur Miller uses the effects of mass hysteria to reveal his purpose of using it in his writing, how society at thatRead More The Name Of War, Jill Lepore Essay859 Words   |  4 Pages Book Review The Name of War: King Philips War and the Origins of American Identity Our history books continue to present our countrys story in conventional patriotic terms. America being settled by courageous, white colonists who tamed a wilderness and the savages in it. With very few exceptions our society depicts these people who actually first discovered America and without whose help the colonists would not have survived, as immoral, despicable savages who needed to be removed by killingRead MoreThe And Folklore Of All Hallows1629 Words   |  7 Pagesfrightening faces on pumpkins to scare the spirits off as well.(As we do today but differs on how the person perspects this holiday). In conclusion we still carry on this tradition today, except those who find this a holiday a way of greeting the devils and his spirits. Miller Arthur Biography. www.biography.com/people/arthur-miller-9408335. Accessed August 11, 2016. Arthur Miller, born in Harlem, New York October 17, 1915, was a man who had changed many perspectives on the way peopleRead MoreReview of The Crucible Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesReview of The Crucible The Crucible was set in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692. The government was a theocracy, ruled by god through religious officials. Hard work and church consumed

Essay on Madness and Ambition in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

â€Å"Even the noblest men can be seduced by power; it has the power to kill, to distort, and to corrupt† Through this passage, Matthew Sims captures in essence how individuals often turn to betrayal and deception in order to gain their heart’s desires. This characteristic is not only present in life, but can also be seen in modern and classical literature, including the well known work of Julius Caesar. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, the lust for power transcends any one individual and ultimately leads to death and corruption of not only Caesar, but also of Brutus and Cassius. The play begins with Caesar parading through the streets of Rome as he triumphs in his victory over Pompey. However, Brutus, Cassius, and many others hatch a plot to†¦show more content†¦By ignoring the decrees of the Republic in an effort to become an autocrat, he undermined the Roman political system through murder, deceit, and lawlessness. However, moral integrity is not the only thing lost by Gaius Julius Caesar. As previously stated, a person’s greed often leads to their demise. This is most evident with Caesar himself. Caesar was willing to betray Pompey, his once friend and ally, in order to gain sole control over the Republic. In fact, Caesar’s drive to control the city began to evoke the jealousy and fears of many of the inhabitants, â€Å"You showd your teeth like apes, and fawnd like hounds, and bowd like bondmen, kissing Caesars feet. (Shakespeare Act V, Sc.I, lines 47-48). Ultimately this authority causes Brutus to come to the conclusion that Caesar’s tyranny must be prevented through his death (Sims). Caesar’s newfound power put Brutus, his former supporter, in a position where the only way to save the republic would be to depose of its current leader. Caesar’s demise was indirectly caused by his hunger for power, which caused Brutus to kill him in order to stop the would be dictator (Sims). The idea of d eposing Caesar spread like wildfire through the Senate and eventually escalated into murder. Clearly, it was Caesar’s desire to command those around him that in due course led to his death; however, he alone is not theShow MoreRelated A Comparison of the Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar and Hamlet in Hamlet2791 Words   |  12 PagesThe Characters of   Brutus and Hamlet in Hamlet and Julius Caesar  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Written one year apart from the other, one cannot fail to recognize the parallels between William Shakespeares tragedies Julius Caesar and Hamlet. To begin, they are both stories of assassinations gone horribly wrong. Although the details of the plays are different, the two assassins (Brutus and Hamlet) provide interesting comparison. Through these two killers, Shakespeare reveals the different levels of justice; one’sRead MoreCompare and Contrast Between Shakesperean Tragic Heroes1386 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare Tragic Heroes: Macbeth and Brutus Kyla Yu English 11 August 4th, 2008 William Shakespeare is a world renowned English poet and playwright famous for many tragic plays such as Macbeth and Julius Caesar. These two plays both contain tragic heroes with Marcus Brutus from Julius Caesar, and Macbeth from Macbeth. A tragic hero is defined as a protagonist of high standing with heroic or potential heroic abilities who must oppose some external or internal force. A tragic hero needs to haveRead MoreEssay about Politics and Love in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra2222 Words   |  9 PagesPolitics and Love in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Although the political struggles in Antony and Cleopatra are often treated as backdrops to the supposedly more engaging love affair between the two title characters, these struggles permeate the entire play, and give the love story its heightened sense of importance and tragedy. The relationship between Antony and Cleopatra would not have attained its renown and immortality had they not had been extremely powerful and public figures. TheRead MoreBetrayal and Loyalty in Shakespeares plays3231 Words   |  13 PagesAP English Literature Composition March 14, 2012 Betrayal and Loyalty in William Shakespeares Plays William Shakespeare is one of the most recognized playwrights in the history of man. People have analyzed every sentence of his works and have taken note of the various styles used in his writing. Ironically enough, little is known about Shakespeares personal life. It is assumed, however, that like other literary writers, Shakespeare relates occurrences in his life into his writing. The averageRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 PagesMacbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for power. The play is believed to have been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most commonly dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what was probably Shakespeare s play is April 1611, when  Simon Forman  recorded seeing such a play

Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort Free Essays

The proposal of water theme water with a five star resort built on Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey Location The water theme park will be located in Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey. Llanddwyn Island is a small tidal island off the west coast of Anglesey, North Wales. It provides excellent views of Snowdonia and the liyn Peninsula. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort or any similar topic only for you Order Now Access to this island will be by boat or drive through A55 to Anglesey. The Golden Bench Hotel This is going to be located around the coast next to the nice sandy white bench. It’s going to have 3000 rooms. It has a lot that people can do here and the staff are extremely friendly. Some activity we offer in the hotel: * tennis count, * spa * sonar * basketball count * bench party * clubs for the children , teenagers so the parents can relax on the bench * Fitness class * Massage * Gold course * Satellite TV * Beauty Salon * bar * coffee shop * broadband internet * shuttle bus The Speedo water theme park This is going to be the biggest water theme park in Europe. With an area of more than 2000 thousand square meters. The park is divided into 5 separate zones with a different theme which not just only the kids will enjoy it, the elders will as well as the adults. These include: Slide and splash, Aqua land, 7 seas, the big plunge and the Infant Island; this is where the kid’s zone is in the water park. It’s base on the theme of praties. This is where the shallow pool will be set and there is a family pool where the parents can spend some quality times with their children. Also there is a kid’s pool which is especially design for the safety of children under 11. It has many mini water rides that the children will enjoy while the parents can sit back and relax. The extreme part of the water park has to be the big plunge; this is where all the massive rides are located including the Tornado which there is only four in the world. This is the ride that has taken the world by storm and this will be Europe’s first tornado. Riders ride on specially designed four clover leaf tubes that can carry up to four riders. Riders take the plunge into a large fiberglass cone that gives them the experience of being sucked into a tornado. There are more water rides offer to children and parents in this part of the park. If that’s a bit overexciting, why not go to Aqua land zone. This part is more for people that want to relax and calm. Like the lazy river they have offer in this zone, this is the longest lazy river in the world. It’s a 1.1kilometer long continuous river in which water moves slowly and continuously. Guests can lie back and relax in the specially designed rubber ring as they float around the river. To add extra excitement to the lazy river, we have a special action river section, which produces one-meter waves. Also we have a huge swimming pool for the people that want to swim and relax. Next to the pool there is a cozy bar where people can have a drink and have convection with their friends. If that’s a bit boring for the teens, why not go to the slide and splash zones. This is where all the rides are situated which guests experience the master blaster. It is a fast moving roller coaster. It takes guests for an incredible ride in a double tubes racing up and down hills for more than 300 meters. Also guests can experience the wizard; this is a fast and furious ride which young people will enjoy. Eight riders will begin the race at the top of the 20 meters towers. After completing a full circle with high speed, all eight riders will then enter the straight section and race down to the bottom. If that doesn’t sound scary enough, why not try the inner tube rides. There are three open waterslides running for 100 meters. Guests start from the top of the fifteen meters hill and rapidly fall through twists and turns to the slash down pool below. They are ride in groups of two on the special designed double rubber ring. 7seas zone is where all the pool is placed; wave pool is one of them. This is going to be the world biggest wave pool which is a wave pool and can also be a pool for boogie boarding. There is ten minutes when the waves are on where guests may swim in the pool or use a tube to surf on the waves. Then there is a relaxation period for the next ten minutes when the waves are off, allowing for calm water swimming to swim. Also the rain fortress is situated in this part of the park. It has various water rides and water activity which it can give endless of fun for all ages. Tipping buckets, water cannons, slides and secret ladders are some of the special features of the Rain Fortress. The poop view shopping centre This is going to be build next to the hotel where the guests can just walk through the cover way to enter the shopping complex. There is going to be over 1000 shops in the shopping centre where all the brand names are placed like Chanel, LV, Guggi, Hugo Boss. Also there is a food count which various kinds of food are been sell. Activity We have a lot to offer to the guest in Kwans resort. Some activity that people may enjoy: * Special romantic dinner on the bench * Party every night on the bench for the teenagers * Activity groups where younger people can have opportunity to do water sport. Also they can have a chance of making new friends. * Also our hotel have Spa, massage and other activity that guest may enjoy * There are a casino for people that like to glebe * Shopping till you fall on the floor * We have a 15000 seated stadium for live entrainments live a concert or even a football or rugby match Open hours Water park- mon-sats 9am till 7pm -sun 11am till 7pm Shopping centre -mon- sun 10am-9pm Casino-open all times Prices Hotel- standard room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 Double room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½900 Luxury room à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1500 Water park entrances child – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 Adult- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 Conclusion Over all I think this is a good project and it’s going to create new jobs for people. Not just creating work for people, this is going to raise the tourist attraction because all round Europe people will want to come and take a break after their effect that they put in their jobs. How to cite Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort, Papers

Probability and Statistics Engineers and Scientists

Question: Discuss about the Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. Answer: Introduction: The topic of the research proposal is increasing number of smokers in Australia. The proposal analyzes different issues related to increasing number of smokers in Australia with main concentration on its health and business impact. The research shows that approximately fifteen thousand Australians are killed each year due to smoking. The number of male smokers is larger than female smokers in Australia. The increase in number of smokers is not only harmful for the health but also for the economy as it hurts the business of the country. The proposal analyzes the actual cost of increase in number of smokers in Australia (Cho et al. 2016). Increase in number of smoking leads to more death in the country and increases the health hazards. It also has social costs on the society of Australia. The rise in the number of deaths leads to a loss of the revenue that they contribute towards the economy. The business impact of the increase in number of smokers in Australia is the lost in productiv e capacity due to increase in number of deaths due to smoking. Increase in number of smokers leads to increase in diseases that in turn increase the costs that the government has to bear to improve the health care facility. Hence, the proposal will address both the health and business impact of increase in number of smokers in Australia. Literature review Increase in number of smokers has impact on health conditions of people and hurts the economy of Australia as it decreases the revenue of the country and the government. Increase in number of smoking, increases the chance of cancer and risk of rise in number of deaths. Rise in number of deaths in turn leads to decrease in productive capacity and the revenue that they would have contributed to the nation (Dunlop et al. 2014). The expenditure of the government increases, as they have to invest in improving the health care facility in the country. The data from Australian Bureau of statistics suggests that the number of smokers in Australia is declining since 2009. The main reason for this decline is the increase in education and awareness of health hazards of smoking. People are becoming more health conscious due to which number of smokers in Australia is decreasing. Despite of this fact increase in smoking has health cost, economic cost as well as social cost. Smoking has both tangibl e and intangible costs (Lal et al. 2013). The tangible costs of smoking are costs that arise due to loss of productivity that occurs due to premature death and illness. Such costs are often termed as labor costs. Tangible costs consist of health care cost, damage costs that occurs due to fire and abusive consumption cost. Intangible costs are costs that arise due to premature death and loss of enjoyment (Getsios et al. 2013). Heath cost of smoking: increase in smoking leads to many health hazards and diseases that affects not only the smokers but the non-smokers as well. Smoking leads to severe diseases such as cancer that can often lead to death. The survey conducted in 2013 shows that the health cost of increase in smoking in Australia accounts to 31.5 billion dollars (Li et al. 2014). When a person is encountered with disease, he has to undergo treatment that puts costs on the family members of the smokers, as they have to spend huge amount of money on treatment of patients. The parameters of health cost are increase in medical cost, hospital cost, nursing home, pharmaceuticals and costs rising due to ambulances. Economic cost of smoking: economic cost of smoking is measured in terms of the lost productivity that occurs due to death of a person. The study shows that the smokers take more leaves in offices than the non-smokers. This is because the smokers are often sick and unable to work. This leads to reduction in productivity of the organization due to increase in absenteeism (Ekpu and Brown 2015). In 2004 to 2005, the productivity loss that occurred due to increase in absenteeism accounted for 779.6 million dollar in Australia. The study shows that economic costs due to increase in smoking is two million dollar in Australia in the year 2004-2005. Reduction in the size of workforce leads to loss in productivity and the revenue, which otherwise they could have contributed if they were it (Prina et al. 2014). Social cost smoking: smoking does not only affect the smokers but the entire society. Increase in smoking in Australia has led to an increase in air pollution that is harming the non-smokers as well. The survey showed that it is the children that have been affected the most due to increase in smoking. This is because the air that they breathe in harms the health that leads to occurrence of diseases. Smoking damages the assets of the economy that adds on to the cost for the society. Lighting of cigarette has high risk of fire that is regarded as the social cost to the nation. Social costs of smoking are often termed as external costs (Hitchman et al. 2014). There are two ways of measuring social cost. One is demographic approach and the second is human capital approach. Demographic approach is used to measure the cost of drugs in past and present years. Human capital approach is used to measure the impact of drugs abuse in present and future years (Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au. 2016). Hence, increase in number of smokers has three costs that nation has to bear. In 2013, the survey showed that Australia had to bear a total of $31.5 billion. The three costs of smoking has been presented by Collins and Lapsleys studies of social costs (Quit.org.au. 2016). Figure: tangible social costs of tobacco use in Australia in 2004-2005 (Source: Health.gov.au. 2016) Research questions and research hypothesis Various researches have been conducted to analyze the impact of increase in number of smokers in Australia. The research questions has been developed by using different research methodologies and techniques. The basic objective is to highlight the costs that Australia has to bear due to increase in number of smokers. The following research questions are outlined in a descriptive approach to conduct the survey: Has the number of proportion of smokers increased in Australia? What is the proportion of male and female smokers in Australia? Does the number of male and female smokers vary in Australia and if yes in what proportion? Does the number of smokers in different age group vary and if yes in what proportion? Does any relationship exist between the socio-economic status and smoking in Australia? Does Australian government have to bear any cost due to increase in number of smokers in Australia? What recommendations are taken to reduce the social costs of smoking by the Australian government and society? Is the economic cost of smoking greater or the health cost in Australia? Research hypothesis: The research hypothesis is defined by taking null and alternate hypothesis. Ho: There is a relationship between increase in number of smokers in Australia and the cost that Australia has to bear. H1: There is a positive relationship between increase in number of smokers and the cost that Australia has to bear. H2: There is a negative relationship between increase in number of smokers and the cost that Australia has to bear. Research methodology and technique Various methods and techniques have been used for the research study of the increasing number of smokers in the Australia. The first step of the research is collecting data on the number of smokers in Australia from an official government website or authorized government agency. The data collected will be based and differentiated according to age and gender of number of smokers is Australia. The sample size of the research will be large. ABS National Health Survey will be used for data collection for the year 2014-2015 and previous years. The research methodology was analyzed on certain dependent and independent variables. The impact of increase in smoking and the costs that Australia has to bear will also are analyzed through proper data collection method and technique (Saunders and Thornhill 2014). Various statistical tests of hypothesis are used for checking different hypothesis as mentioned above. The aim of the research is to get an unbiased result that is based on different statistical tests. One sample and two sample z test is used for analyzing the data and the hypothesis. The theory is interpreted on the basis of researchers interests and study in the topic. The research is based on the interpretive view and is descriptive in nature where all the questions will be answered with the explanation. . It is connected with the theoretical point of impracticality where many things and methods can be useful to the topic to replicate diverse consequences. The interpretive follows the understanding of weak notion; it establishes the relationship between time and context and outlines the problems and solutions to the study (Goldkuhl 2012). The main idea of the research proposal is to identify the questions and suggest a solution to the problems. The research is also conducted to check the reliability and validating of the findings in the real world. The research is based on certain principles based on which a conclusion is drawn. The researcher uses inductive approach to explain the experiments, questionnaires and surveys. A large sample size of 500 people is taken upon which the observation is based (Stanczyk et al. 2014). The decision is drawn based on the z test that is used to test the hypothesis. . In this approach, the relationships are made and then they are tested for the outlined purpose of understanding the certain additional meaning to the research. The quantitative approach is said to b more cost effective for the researcher than the qualitative approach. It is more easier to draw a conclusion based on quantitative approach than qualitative approach (Ross 2014). Gantt chart using the three milestones Literature Review is due on Week 6. Data Collection and Analysis Report are due on Week 10. Final Business Research (Capstone) Thesis is due on week 14. Figure 1: Gantt Chart using three milestones (Source: created by author) Research process The research is conducted in step by step process from the beginning to the end of investigation. The standard procedure of method is used to conduct the research study on increasing number of smokers in Australia and its impact on the economy of Australia. The research process can be explained by using five basic criteria's. The primary step in research process is to choose a research topic that is followed by a literature review to support the research topic. In this case a study was conducted regarding the increase in number of smokers in Australia and the costs involved due to increase in smoking. The second step is to decide the method that will be used to conduct the survey. In this research proposal, quantitative approach is used to draw the conclusion, as it is more cost effective than the qualitative approach. Quantitative method ensures that the actions is performed and completed before the process is preceded. A methodology and technique is prepared regarding the statistical tool that will be used to test the hypothesis. Different tests of hypothesis are used to draw the result of the research. The p-value test is used to take the decision whether to reject of accept the hypothesis. A two sample and a one-sample z test is used to test the hypothesis and make a decision. The sample size taken includes the population of Australia that includes people of different age and gender. The step by step procedure is followed according to the fundamental paradigm. The data is collected from the official government website of ABS national Health Survey and from the authorized government agency of Australia. Secondary data is used for the research. It is essential to use proper test for getting data and hypothesis that is reliable and valid in real world. Data collection and analysis methods The data is collected using the website of ABS national Health Survey for 2014-2015 and the previous years. The data is also collected from the authorized government agencies of Australia. The data is available on website that is free of cost. It is proportionately based on gender and age. The data is collected using the secondary sources of data. The data on the website is not just available for the current year but for previous years as well. It is divided into different categories based on different parameters such as socio economic status, age, sex, gender and occupation. It is essential for the researcher to check that the data available is reliable and valid. It is also essential to check that the data available is biased or not by checking from the different sources (Gray 2013). Proper techniques should be used while collecting and extracting the data is order to ensure that the data collected is biased in nature. Secondary data is the data that is already published in journal s ad website. Collecting secondary data is useful as it is less time consuming. The next step after collection of data is the analysis of data using various statistical tools regarding the increase in number of smokers in Australia. After forming the questions and hypothesis it is essential to test the hypothesis using different tools and methods. In this case, p-value test is used to make a decision whether to accept or reject the hypothesis and z test is used to test the hypothesis. The data collected is analyzed by deriving histograms and bar charts in an excel file. The statistical tests are also used to check whether the number of male and female smokers in Australia and the smokers of different age (Sarantakos 2012). The test is done to know the impact of the increase in smoking in Australia and the costs that the society has to bear. Analyzing data is essential to know the impact of increase in smoking on the Australian economy and its health, social and economic costs. Expected research outcomes The researcher always have some expectation before conducting the research. The researcher expects that the number of smokers has decreased in Australia. It is also expected that he number of male smokers is greater than number of female smokers. The third expectation is that the number of smokers is high in higher age group. It is assumed that the increase in number of smoking is always harmful to the society. The hypothesis is expected to show a positive relationship between the increase in number of smoking and its harmful impact on Australia. It is expected that there is significant relationship between socio economic status and number of smokers in Australia (Graham 2012). The increase in number of smokers has three costs involved that are economic cost, social cost and health cost. It is expected that the health cost of smoking is higher than the other costs and that social cost and economic cost is dependent on health cost of smoking in Australia. Recommendations The recommendations on result state that the study can be analyzed for a further study by differentiating all factors and an extensive study can be based on using the entire main and the silent elements individually. The study is limited to small observations. Hence, the study can be extended to a much larger sample to check the efficiency of the reliability and validity of the research on a large scale. References Cho, Y.J., Thrasher, J.F., Swayampakala, K., Yong, H.H., McKeever, R., Hammond, D., Anshari, D., Cummings, K.M. and Borland, R., 2016. Does Reactance against Cigarette Warning Labels Matter? Warning Label Responses and Downstream Smoking Cessation amongst Adult Smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States.PloS one,11(7), p.e0159245. Dunlop, S.M., Dobbins, T., Young, J.M., Perez, D. and Currow, D.C., 2014. Impact of Australia's introduction of tobacco plain packs on adult smokers pack-related perceptions and responses: results from a continuous tracking survey.BMJ open,4(12), p.e005836. Ekpu, V.U. and Brown, A.K., 2015. The economic Impact of smoking and of reducing smoking prevalence: Review of evidence.Tobacco use insights,8, p.1. Getsios, D., Marton, J.P., Revankar, N., Ward, A.J., Willke, R.J., Rublee, D., Ishak, K.J. and Xenakis, J.G., 2013. Smoking cessation treatment and outcomes patterns simulation: a new framework for evaluating the potential health and economic impact of smoking cessation interventions.Pharmacoeconomics,31(9), pp.767-780. Goldkuhl, G., 2012. Pragmatism vs interpretivism in qualitative information systems research.European Journal of Information Systems,21(2), pp.135-146. Graham, H., 2012. Smoking, stigma and social class.Journal of Social Policy,41(01), pp.83-99. Gray, D.E., 2013.Doing research in the real world. Sage. Health.gov.au. (2016). Department of Health | Tobacco control. [online] Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/tobacco [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Hitchman, S.C., Fong, G.T., Zanna, M.P., Thrasher, J.F. and Laux, F.L., 2014. The relation between number of smoking friends, and quit intentions, attempts, and success: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,28(4), p.1144. Lal, A., Mihalopoulos, C., Wallace, A. and Vos, T., 2013. The costeffectiveness of call-back counselling for smoking cessation.Tobacco control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2012. Li, L., Borland, R., Yong, H., Cummings, K.M., Thrasher, J.F., Hitchman, S.C., Fong, G.T., Hammond, D. and Bansal-Travers, M., 2014. Longer term impact of cigarette package warnings in Australia compared with the United Kingdom and Canada.Health education research, p.cyu074. Prina, A.M., Huisman, M., Yeap, B.B., Hankey, G.J., Flicker, L., Brayne, C. and Almeida, O.P., 2014. Hospital costs associated with depression in a cohort of older men living in Western Australia.General hospital psychiatry,36(1), pp.33-37. Quit.org.au. (2016). Cost of smoking - Quit Victoria. [online] Available at: https://www.quit.org.au/reasons-to-quit/cost-of-smoking [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Ross, S 2014, Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists,3rd edn, London, Academic Press,USA. Sarantakos, S., 2012.Social research. Palgrave Macmillan. Saunders, M.L. and Thornhill, P., 2014. A. 2009. Research methods for business students. Harlow. Stanczyk, N.E., Smit, E.S., Schulz, D.N., de Vries, H., Bolman, C., Muris, J.W. and Evers, S.M., 2014. An economic evaluation of a video-and text-based computer-tailored intervention for smoking cessation: a cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of a randomized controlled trial.PloS one,9(10), p.e110117. Thrasher, J.F., Osman, A., Moodie, C., Hammond, D., Bansal-Travers, M., Cummings, K.M., Borland, R., Yong, H.H. and Hardin, J., 2014. Promoting cessation resources through cigarette package warning labels: a longitudinal survey with adult smokers in Canada, Australia and Mexico.Tobacco control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2014. Thrasher, J.F., Swayampakala, K., Borland, R., Nagelhout, G., Yong, H.H., Hammond, D., Bansal-Travers, M., Thompson, M. and Hardin, J., 2016. Influences of Self-Efficacy, Response Efficacy, and Reactance on Responses to Cigarette Health Warnings: A Longitudinal Study of Adult Smokers in Australia and Canada.Health communication, pp.1-10. Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au. (2016). 17.2 The costs of smoking - Tobacco In Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-17-economics/17-2-the-costs-of-smoking [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016].